Table 1.
Characteristics of the sample by race/ethnicity
| Hispanic (N = 740) | Non-Hispanic Black (N = 395) | Non-Hispanic White (N = 328) | Group Differencesa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Age | 80.26 (7.53) | 77.06 (7.15) | 77.50 (6.37) | B=W<H |
| Sex/gender (% female) | 73.11 | 68.35 | 56.10 | W<B<H |
| Education (0–20) | 7.76 (4.37) | 13.50 (3.02) | 16.26 (2.92) | H<B<W |
| Income (1–12) | 6.02 (2.44) | 8.50 (2.61) | 10.49 (2.27) | H<B<W |
| Depressive symptoms (0–10) | 1.71 (1.91) | 1.36 (1.73) | 1.24 (1.55) | W=B<H |
| Vascular/cardiometabolic diseases (0–3) | 1.37 (0.85) | 1.24 (0.82) | 0.89 (0.82) | W<B<H |
| History of stroke (% yes) | 8.97 | 5.10 | 2.48 | W=B<H |
| Everyday Discrimination (1–6) | 1.10 (0.22) | 1.46 (0.59) | 1.22 (0.38) | H<W<B |
| Lifetime Discrimination (0–9) | 0.36 (0.73) | 1.28 (1.74) | 0.87 (1.20) | H<W<B |
| Perceived Constraints (0–8) | 2.34 (2.13) | 1.34 (1.65) | 1.01 (1.36) | W<B<H |
| Episodic Memory (z-score composite) | −0.14 (0.84) | 0.35 (0.91) | 0.82 (0.75) | H<B<W |
| Language (z-score composite) | −0.18 (0.68) | 0.55 (0.56) | 1.06 (0.45) | H<B<W |
| Speed (z-score composite) | −0.02 (1.02) | 0.69 (0.76) | 1.07 (0.62) | H<B<W |
| Visuospatial Functioning (z-score composite) | −0.03 (0.72) | 0.52 (0.47) | 0.84 (0.36) | H<B<W |
| Global Cognition (z-score composite) | −0.09 (0.66) | 0.52 (0.57) | 0.95 (0.43) | H<B<W |
a
Significant group differences were determined using chi-square tests for categorical variables and analyses of variance with post-hoc Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference tests for continuous variables.