| Clinical Field |
Teleophthalmology application |
Results |
| Posterior segment pathology |
Portable ophthalmic camera system powered by an iOS handheld mobile device [2] |
Timely referral |
| Anterior segment pathology |
EyeSmart study-I (Teleconsultation) [86] |
Management of anterior segment conditions, bridging the distance gap for rural areas, cataract timely diagnosis |
| Smartphone-assisted anterior segment photography with macrolens 10 diopters lens [87] |
| Diabetic retinopathy |
Smartphone-based retinal photography and portable screening devices [4] (review) |
Regular monitoring and population screening |
| Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) |
Mobile app for hyperacuity self-monitoring [56] |
Self-testing of AMD |
| Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) |
Smartphone-guided wide-field imaging [60] |
Screening for ROP |
| Smartphone-based fundus photography “SROP” [61] |
| Retinal pathologies (general) |
Portable fundus cameras and smartphone-based fundus imaging systems [9] |
Addressing preventive blindness (screening, monitoring) |
| High intraocular pressure (IOP)/ Glaucoma |
“Icare HOME tonometry” [75] |
Self-monitoring of variability of IOP |
| Smartphone-based head mounted perimeter for detection of visual field defects “GearVision” [76] |
Facilitation the detection of visual field defects early |
| Pediatric eye pathologies |
“GoCheck Kids” mobile application [80] |
Evaluation of visual acuity |
| Video recordings [81] |
Diagnosis of pediatric amblyopia and eye disease |
| Acute ocular pain |
Teleconsultation [92] |
Early referral, decompression of ophthalmic clinics |
| Ophthalmoscopy |
High-resolution direct ophthalmoscopy with an unmodified iPhone X [77] |
Access to basic ophthalmic care without distance barriers |
| Acute hypertension |
Ocular fundus smartphone device (D-Eye, Si14 S.p.A., Padova, Italy) [91] |
Assessment of the presence of grade III and IV Keith Wegener retinopathy/ fundoscopic examination |
