Table 4.
Mean comparisons of total PYY levels around a standardized meal (at T0, T30, T60, T120) between individuals with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), anorexia nervosa (AN), and healthy controls (HC)
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Mixed ANOVA
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| Time | F (3, 210) = 51.0 | p < .001, η2 = .058 | |||||||
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| Mean ± (S.D./S.E.M.) | p Values (Cohen’s d) | ||||||||
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| Group | Timepoint | T0 vs. T30 | T0 vs. T60 | T0 vs. T120 | |||||
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| T0 | T30 | T60 | T120 | ||||||
| ARFID (n = 16) | 99.8 (42.27/10.6) | 121.3 (121.31/11.1) | 112.8 (45.28/11.3) | 109.6 (33.18/8.3) | .005 (.536) | .290 (.251) | .178 (.355) | ||
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| AN (n = 29) | 109.76 (40.77/7.6) | 135.9 (135.93/9.0) | 119.8 (40.92/7.5) | 139.7 (4.17/8.2) | <.001 (.576) | .108 (.260) | <.001 (.691) | ||
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| HC (n = 28) | 80.4 (33.63/6.4) | 98.0 (98.00/6.8) | 95.2 (38.73/7.3) | 110.7 (34.06/6.4) | .006 (.513) | <.001 (.260) | <.001 (.691) | ||
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| All groups (n = 74) | 96.33 (40.21/4.71) | 118.18 (45.81/5.36) | 108.81 (41.83/4.90) | 121.95 (40.41/5.36) | <.001 (.515) | <.001 (.306) | <.001 (.663) | ||
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| Group | F (2, 71) = 4.68 | p = .012, η2 = .102 | |||||||
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| Mean ± (S.D./S.E.M) | p Values (Cohen’s d) | ||||||||
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| Total PYY (pg/mL) | Group | AR FID vs AN | ARFI D vs HC | AN vs HC | |||||
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| ARFID (n = 16) | AN (n = 29) | HC (n = 28) | |||||||
| T0 | 99.8 (42.27/10.6) | 109.76 (40.77/7.6) | 80.4 (33.63/6.4) | .715 (.237) | .127 (.552) | .005 (.769) | |||
| T30 | 121.3 (121.31/11.1) | 135.9 (135.93/9.0) | 98.0 (98.00/6.8) | .600 (.311) | .173 (.569) | .004 (.884) | |||
| T60 | 112.8 (45.28/11.3) | 119.8 (40.92/7.5) | 95.2 (38.73/7.3) | .741 (.224) | .353 (.646) | .037 (.382) | |||
| T120 | 109.6 (33.18/8.3) | 139.7 (4.17/8.2) | 110.7 (34.06/6.4) | .127 (.722) | 1.00 (.695) | .065 (.012) | |||
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| One-Way ANOVAs | F (df1, df2) | Omnibus p(η2) | |||||||
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| AUC | 13497.2(4598.53/1149.6) | 15303.1 (4840.82/898.9) | 11751.4 (4003.46/756.6) | 4.25 (2,70) | .018 (.108) | ||||
| Peak | 130.4 (43.72/10.9) | 151.1 (48.60/9.0) | 117.5 (37.22/7.0) | 3.71 (2,70) | .029 (.100) | ||||
| Percent change from T0 to peak | 36.5 (34.79/8.7) | 45.1 (36.79/6.8) | 58.1 (46.26/8.7) | 1.09 (2,70) | .341 (.030) | ||||
Note: ARFID = avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder; AN = anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa primarily restricting presentation; HC = healthy controls; S.D.= standard deviation; S.E.M = standard error of the mean; only participants who ate at least 50% (i.e., 210 Kcal) of the standardized breakfast meal are included in comparisons; T0 = hormone levels following a 8+ hour overnight fast, T30 = hormone levels 30 minutes post breakfast meal; T60 = 60 minutes post breakfast meal; T120 = 120 minutes post breakfast meal; AUC = area under the curve; significant p values <.025 for the omnibus mixed ANOVA, <.0083 for the one-way omnibus ANOVAs, and <.05 for group mean post-hoc comparisons are indicated in bold.