FIGURE 1.

The responses of mTORC2 activity to various environmental and intracellular cues. Schematic representation of mTORC2 activity in response to a wide array of upstream regulators, including signals from the plasma membrane, metabolites, and pathogens as well as intracellular cues. Interference with membrane tension activates mTORC2 through caveolin-1 and PLD2. RTK signaling activates mTORC2 via PI3K-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Oncogenic Ras and CD146 associate with and activate mTORC2 at the plasma membrane. The activity of mTORC2 is regulated by nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and folate. Several intracellular cues, such as AMPK, small GTPases, ribosomes, and ROS also regulate mTORC2 activity through distinct mechanisms.