Figure 1.

Mechanism schemes of (a) EAP, (b) photocatalysis, (c and d) photoelectrocatalysis and (e) photovoltaic electrocatalysis. (f) A biocompatible inorganic water-splitting catalyst system (adapted from ref. [16] with permission from American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)). (g) Scheme of CO₂ reduction of the bacteria/semiconductor hybrid artificial photosynthetic system (adapted from ref. [17] with permission from AAAS). (h) Illustrations of a nanowire-bacteria hybrid system and the reaction mechanism (adapted from ref. [18] with permission from Elsevier).