Differential analysis of SARS-CoV-2-infected subjects and negative controls.A, Volcano plot displaying protein expression changes between SARS-CoV-2-infected patients (n = 8) and negative controls (n = 8). Significantly regulated proteins are colored in red, and rows are labeled with gene names. B, heatmap displaying the Z-score of select proteins with statistically significant changes in abundance between SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative subjects. Rows are subjected to hierarchical clustering and labeled with gene names. C, Venn diagram indicating the number of proteins involved in type I, type II, and type III interferon (IFN) signaling. IFN signaling type was determined using the Interferome database (47). SARS-Cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.