Table 9.

Determination results and comparison of specifications and toxic content of processing products of aconite.

Aconite processing specifications	The determination results	Conclusions	Reference
Black sliced aconite, baifupian, mud aconite	The LD50 of alcohol extracts of black sliced aconite, baifupian, and mud aconite is 49.853 g kg−1, 42.550 g kg−1, and 22.169 g kg−1, respectively	Toxicity: black sliced aconite < baifupian < mud aconite	Xie et al. [89]
Bafupian, black sliced aconite, salted aconite	The LD50 of baifupian and black sliced aconite is 20.529 g kg−1. Salted aconite is more toxic with LD50 of 11.301 g kg−1	Toxicity: black sliced aconite = baifupian < salted aconite	Chai et al. [90]
Shengfupian, baifupian, Heifupian, Paofupian	The LD50 of the water extract and alcohol extract of shengfupian is 22.4 g kg−1 and 13.2 g kg−1, respectively; the maximum tolerable dosages of baifupian, heifupian, and paofupian are 533 g, 666 g, and 266 g, respectively	Toxicity: water extract of shengfu pian < alcohol extract of shengfu pian; heifupian < baifupian < paofupian	Zhou et al. [91]
Aconite puffed decoction pieces	The content of diester-type alkaloids of aconite: 0.13952% for raw aconite, 0.03771% for black sliced aconite, 0.05896% for baifupian, and 0.05024% for aconite puffed decoction pieces	Toxicity: black sliced aconite < aconite puffed decoction pieces < baifupian < raw aconite	Cheng. [92]
dry heat baking, moist heat baking	After processing, the content of diester alkaloids of aconite significantly decreases or disappears, and the content of monoester alkaloids increases significantly	Reducing toxicity	Tang et al. [93]
High voltage sliced aconite	The content of monoester alkaloids is higher, and the content of toxic components of diester alkaloids significantly decreases. High-pressure aconite tablets have the advantages of high efficiency and low toxicity	Active ingredients: high voltage sliced aconite > high temperature sliced aconite, microwave sliced aconite, black sliced aconite	Jia et al. [94]
Fried sliced aconite	Compared with other processed aconite products, fried sliced aconite has a lower content of diester alkaloids, the highest content of monoester alkaloids, and the lowest content of ephedra alkaloids	Toxicity: fried sliced aconite < black sliced aconite, danfupian, baifupian, paofupian	Qiu [95]
Raw aconite, prepared aconite	Raw aconite has a better effect than processed aconite on Rhubarb aconite decoction	Rhubarb aconite decoction using raw aconite has a better therapeutic effect and is safe to use	Guo [96]
Black sliced aconite, fried sliced aconite, steamed sliced aconite	The maximum tolerated amount of fried sliced aconite is 170 g kg−1, that of steamed sliced aconite is 268 g kg−1, and the LD50 of Heishunian is 138.13 g	Toxicity: steamed sliced aconite < fried sliced aconite < black sliced aconite	Zhang et al. [97]
Danba preparation	Among different salted products, aconite with 40% and 45% concentration of danba preparation has lower toxicity, and the former one also has an obvious neuroprotective effect	40% danba should be used for salted aconite	Liu [98]