Table 2.
Mixed model comparisons between control sleep and sleep restriction on primary and secondary outcomes.
| P-value |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Control Sleep Mean (SD) | Sleep Restriction Mean (SD) | Adjusted Between-group difference (95% CI) | Overall | Day | Holms-Bonferroni corrected P-value |
| 24-hour ambulatory BP | ||||||
| MAP, mmHg | <0.001 | |||||
| Day 3 | 85.3 (5.8) | 84.3 (4.8) | ||||
| Day 6 | 82.6 (5.1) | 85.8 (5.1) | 3.8 (2.3, 5.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Day 9 | 81.8 (4.5) | 84.6 (5.1) | 3.2 (1.7, 4.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Day 12 | 83.1 (4.3) | 84.8 (4.8) | 2.1 (0.6, 3.6) | 0.008 | 0.016 | |
| Day 15 | 83.0 (5.3) | 82.2 (4.7) | −0.1 (−1.6, 1.4) | 0.892 | 0.892 | |
| SBP, mmHg | 0.001 | |||||
| Day 3 | 118.2 (8.4) | 116.3 (7.3) | ||||
| Day 6 | 115.8 (8.0) | 119.0 (7.2) | 4.2 (2.1, 6.4) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Day 9 | 114.5 (7.5) | 117.8 (7.8) | 4.2 (2.0, 6.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Day 12 | 115.9 (7.8) | 117.3 (7.3) | 3.1 (0.9, 5.3) | 0.006 | 0.012 | |
| Day 15 | 115.2 (8.3) | 115.1 (6.4) | 1.2 (−1.0, 3.3) | 0.280 | 0.280 | |
| DBP, mmHg | <0.001 | |||||
| Day 3 | 69.0 (6.0) | 68.0 (5.3) | ||||
| Day 6 | 66.2 (5.7) | 69.5 (5.9) | 3.9 (2.4, 5.3) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Day 9 | 65.7 (5.0) | 68.3 (5.8) | 3.2 (1.8, 4.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Day 12 | 66.7 (5.0) | 68.6 (5.6) | 2.2 (0.7, 3.7) | 0.005 | 0.010 | |
| Day 15 | 66.6 (5.6) | 65.9 (5.7) | −0.2 (−1.6, 1.3) | 0.805 | 0.805 | |
| Heart rate, bpm | 0.603 | |||||
| Day 3 | 69.1 (7.9) | 69.3 (8.3) | ||||
| Day 6 | 69.5 (7.6) | 71.0 (7.9) | 1.1 (−0.8, 3.0) | 0.261 | 1.000 | |
| Day 9 | 69.6 (7.4) | 70.3 (6.6) | 0.8 (−1.1, 2.7) | 0.421 | 1.000 | |
| Day 12 | 71.4 (8.0) | 72.1 (8.6) | −0.5 (−2.5, 1.6) | 0.650 | 1.000 | |
| Day 15 | 72.8 (7.6) | 72.7 (6.9) | −0.1 (−2.1, 1.9) | 0.918 | 1.000 | |
| Endothelial function * | ||||||
| FMD, % | <0.001 | |||||
| Day 4 | 8.8 (3.6) | 9.6 (3.9) | ||||
| Day 7 | 8.4 (3.6) | 6.7 (4.0) | −1.9 (−3.6, −0.3) | 0.023 | 0.046 | |
| Day 10 | 8.9 (3.8) | 6.9 (2.7) | −2.2 (−3.8, −0.6) | 0.009 | 0.034 | |
| Day 13 | 8.2 (3.9) | 6.2 (3.2) | −2.2 (−3.8, −0.6) | 0.009 | 0.034 | |
| Day 16 | 8.8 (4.8) | 7.5 (4.3) | −1.8 (−3.5,- 0.1) | 0.041 | 0.046 | |
| non-FMD, % | 0.053 | |||||
| Day 4 | 24.4 (6.1) | 24.2 (5.4) | ||||
| Day 7 | 24.5 (6.7) | 22.2 (5.5) | −2.9 (−4.9, −1.0) | 0.003 | 0.012 | |
| Day 10 | 24.4 (6.4) | 23.0 (4.6) | −1.5 (−3.4, 0.4) | 0.118 | 0.355 | |
| Day 13 | 24.2 (6.7) | 24.3 (5.7) | −0.8 (−2.7, 1.1) | 0.419 | 0.839 | |
| Day 16 | 24.1 (6.0) | 24.9 (5.0) | −0.0 (−1.9, 1.9) | 0.993 | 0.993 | |
| Norepinephrine, pg/mL | 0.011 | |||||
| Day 4 | 162.1 (115.0) | 153.1 (57.2) | ||||
| Day 7 | 150.0 (70.6) | 207.7 (126.2) | 55.5 (20.0, 91.0) | 0.003 | 0.011 | |
| Day 10 | 149.5 (77.1) | 190.2 (114.2) | 35.4 (−0.0, 70.9) | 0.050 | 0.101 | |
| Day 13 | 146.2 (75.5) | 189.8 (114.1) | 43.9 (8.4, 79.4) | 0.016 | 0.049 | |
| Day 16 | 137.0 (56.8) | 150.3 (69.5) | 10.1 (−25.3, 45.6) | 0.569 | 0.569 | |
| 24-hour TST, min | <0.001 | |||||
| Days 1-4 | 484.7 (27.7) | 484.5 (38.6) | ||||
| Days 5-7 | 483.9 (23.8) | 245.0 (12.3) | −238.3 (−252.7, −224.0) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Days 8-10 | 477.7 (23.1) | 255.0 (25.1) | −222.0 (−236.3, −207.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Days 11-13 | 475.8 (28.5) | 263.9 (29.1) | −211.3 (−225.6, −196.9) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Days 14-15 | 481.7 (25.0) | 545.7 (34.2) | 67.0 (52.5, 81.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
*
Models assessing FMD and non-FMD were further adjusted for pre-FMD and pre-non-FMD values.
BP, blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FMD, flow mediated vasodilation, TST, total sleep time.