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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2021 Mar 8;17(8):887–902. doi: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1894122

Table 2.

Types of hazards assessed using iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes.

Hazard Type Examples with Drugs Examples with Non-Drugs
Electrophysiology
 Impedance/MEA [67, 89–91, 101, 103, 114, 123] [122, 153, 154]
 Patch Clamp [63, 90, 92, 93, 101, 104, 106] [153]
 Ca2+ Channels [78, 82, 84, 89, 92, 95, 96, 102, 104] [66, 80, 82, 84]
 Na+/K+ Channels [90, 91, 96–98, 104] None
Optogenetics [99–101, 155] None
Contractility
 Beat Rate [78, 82, 84, 89, 92, 95–98, 102, 104] [66, 80, 82, 84]
 Arrhythmia [78, 81, 82, 84, 89, 92, 95, 97, 98, 102, 103] [66, 82, 84]
 Contractile Force [104–106] None
Structural Toxicity [78, 82, 84, 92, 102, 105, 109–113, 117] [66, 80, 82, 84, 122]
Metabolic Function [74, 78, 106, 110, 111, 113, 114]
Mechanisms
 Gene Expression [78, 90, 92, 105, 110–114, 117] [122]
 Protein Expression [92, 105, 110–114, 116, 117] [153]
 miRNA Expression [117] None