Table 1.
Worldwide occurrence of Aspergillus species and production of mycotoxins in food and the environment.
| Name of Toxin | Aspergillus species | Occurrence | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Aflatoxin G1 Molecular Formula: C17H12O7 Molecular Weight: 328.27 g/mol Aflatoxin G2  Molecular Formula: C17H14O7 Molecular Weight: 330.29 g/mol |
A. arachidicola A. arachidicola sp. nov A.minisclerotigenes sp. nov. A. bombycis A. flavus A. minisclerotigenes A. nomius A. parasiticus A. parvisclerotigenus A. pseudotamarii A. toxicarus A. rambellii A. korhogoensis Aspergillus pseudocaelatus A. caelatus A. novoparasiticus A. terreus |
Brazilian corn kernels Argentinean peanuts Poultry feed Blackand whitepepper Peanuts Arachis burkartii leaf Corrientes province, Argentina |
[94] [95] [23] [96] [97] [98] [99] [100] [101] |
Aflatoxin B1 Molecular Formula: C17H12O6 Molecular Weight:312.2798 g/mol Aflatoxin B2  Molecular Formula: C17H14O6 Molecular Weight: 314.29 g/mol |
A. arachidicola A. arachidicola sp. nov A.minisclerotigenes sp. nov. A. bombycis A. flavus A. minisclerotigenes A. nomius A. parasiticus A. parvisclerotigenus A. pseudotamarii A. toxicarus A. rambellii Emericellavenezuelensis (A. venezuelensis) A. korhogoensis A. tamarii Aspergillus pseudocaelatus A. pseudonomius A. caelatus A. novoparasiticus |
Brazilian corn kernels Argentinean peanuts Poultry feed Black and white pepper Peanuts Arachis burkartii leaf Corrientes province, Argentina Insects and soil in the USA |
[102] [95] [63] [96] [97] [103] [104] [98] [105] |
Aflatoxin M1 Molecular Formula:C17H12O7 Molecular Weight:328.27 g/mol Aflatoxin M2  Molecular Formula:C17H14O7 Molecular Weight:330.29 g/mol |
A. arachidicola A. arachidicola sp. nov A.minisclerotigenes sp. nov. A. bombycis A. flavus A. minisclerotigenes A. nomius A. parasiticus A. parvisclerotigenus A. pseudotamarii A. toxicarus A. rambellii A. korhogoensis A. novoparasiticus |
Brazilian corn kernels Argentinean peanuts Poultry feed Black and White Pepper Peanuts |
[100] [95] [23] [96] [97] [98] [105] |
Ochratoxin A Molecular Formula: C20H18O6ClN Molecular Weight: 403.8 g/mol |
A. ochraceus | – | [71] |
| A. affinis | Italy | [106] [107] |
|
| A. alliaceus | Australia Worldwide (Argentina, Australia, Canada, Egypt, France, Greece, Hungary, Lybia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, USA) |
[100] [108] [109] [110] |
|
| A. auricomus | Queensland, Australia | [102] | |
| A. albertensis | Edmonton, Canada | ||
| A. carbonarius | Southern Thailand Food products and tropical soil |
[111] [112] [113] |
|
| A. lanosus | India | [6] [114] |
|
| A. niger | Southern Thailand, Northern Thailand | [111] [112] |
|
| A. ochraceus | Australia | [102] [109] [107] [115] |
|
| A. ostianus | – | [109] | |
| A.petrakii | – | ||
| A. melleus | – | ||
| A. sclerotiorum | Chaing Mai, Thailand | [102] [109] |
|
| A. sulphureus | Mysore, India | ||
| A. sclerotioniger | – | [112] | |
| A. lacticoffeatus | – | ||
| A. cretensis | – | [107] | |
| A. fresenii | – | ||
| A. muricatus | – | ||
| A. occultus | – | ||
| A. pseudoelegans | – | ||
| A. pulvericola | – | ||
| A. roseoglobulosus | – | ||
| A. sesamicola | – | ||
| A. steynii | – | ||
| A. westerdijkiae | – | ||
| A. ochraceopetaliformis | – | ||
Ochratoxin B Molecular Formula: C20H19NO6 Molecular Weight: 369.37 g/mol |
A. alliaceus | Australia Worldwide (Argentina, Australia, Canada, Egypt, France, Greece, Hungary, Lybia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, USA) |
[102] [108] [109] [110] |
| A. auricomus | Queensland, Australia | [102] | |
| A. wentii | Indonesia | ||
| A. carbonarius | Southern Thailand | [111] [112] [113] |
|
| A. lanosus | India | [6] [114] |
|
| A. niger | Southern Thailand, Northern Thailand | [111] [112] |
|
| A. ochraceopetaliformis | – | [107] | |
| A. ochraceus | Australia | [102] [109] [107] [115] |
|
| A. sclerotiorum | Chaing Mai, Thailand | [102] [109] |
|
| A. sulphureus | Mysore, India | ||
| A. melleus | – | [109] | |
| A. ostianus | – | ||
| A. petrakii | – | ||
Ochratoxin C Molecular Formula: C22H22ClNO6 Molecular Weight: 431.9 g/mol |
A. ochraceopetaliformis | – | [107] |
| A. ochraceus | Australia | [102] [109] [107] [103] |
|
Citrinin Molecular Formula: C13H14O5 Molecular Weight: 250.25 g/mol |
A.alabamensis A.allahabadii A.carneus A.floccosus A.hortai A.neoindicus A.niveus A.pseudoterreus A.oryzae A.terreus A.candidus A.flavipes A.iranicus A.urmiensis A.aventil A.ostianus A.fumigatus A.awemori A.parasiticus A.niger |
Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil |
[94] [116] [117] [118] |
Patulin Molecular Formula: C7H6O4 Molecular Weight: 154.12 g/mol |
A.clavitus A.giganteus A.terreus A.longivesica A.amstelodami A.candidus A.echinulatus A.flavus A.fumigatus A.manginii A.ochraceus A.oryzae A.parasiticus A.petrakii A.repens A.sydowii A.tamarii A.variecolor |
Cereals,malt,Apple, Pear,Cherry Soil |
[119] [120] [121] [122] [123] [124] |
Cyclopiazonic acid Molecular formulae:C20H20N203 Molecular Weight: 336.39 g/mol |
A. aflatoxiformans A. oryzae A. austwickii A. bertholletius A. cerealis A. flavus A. minisclerotigenes A. mottae A. pseudocaelatus A. pseudotamarii A. sergii A. tamarii A. aculeatus A. lentulus A. parvisclerotigenus A. versicolor A. pseudocaelatus A. phoenicis A. fumigatus A. pipericola A. hancockii A. korhogoensis A. caelatus A. fumisynnematus |
China Japan Argentina Nigeria USA |
[116] [125] [126] [127] [128] [95] [129] [130] [131] [99] [95] [132] [133] [134] [98] |
Secalonic acid A
|
A. Ochraceous C. purpurea Pyrenochaetaterrestris Cetraria ornate Parmeliaeutotheiochroa Pseudoparmeliasphaerospora P. hypomilta |
Brasil Canada |
[135] [136] [137] [137] [138] |
Secalonic acid B
|
A. homomorphus Clavicepspurpurea |
– | [103] [122] |
Secalonic acid C
|
C. purpurea Cetrariaornata |
– | [122] [137] |
Secalonic acid D
|
Aspergillus labruscus A. aculeatinus A. aculeatus A. homomorphus A. uvarum A. pseudoheteromorphus A. japonicus Penicilliumovalicum |
Brazil Thailand Europe |
[139] [140] [141] [103] [111] [142] |
Secalonic acid E
|
P. terrestris | – | [136] |
Secalonic acid F
|
A. aculeatinus A. aculeatus A. homomorphus A. uvarum A. japonicus |
Thailand Europe |
[140] [141] [112] [111] |
Secalonic acid G
|
P. terrestris | – | [136] |
| Secalonic acid H | P.oxalicum | – | [143] |
| Secalonic acid I | P. oxalicum | – | [143] |
Aflatrem Molecular formulae:C32H39NO4 Molecular Weight: 501.67 g/mol |
A. flavus A. oryzae A.minisclerotigenes A. aflatoxiformans A. austwickii A. cerealis A. pipericola A. sergii A. fumigatus A. korhogoensis A. parvisclerotigenus |
New Jersey USA Nashville Germany |
[144] [126] [127] [116] [95] [145] [98] |
Terrein Molecular Formula: C8H10O3 Molecular Weight: 154.16 g/mol |
A.terreus A.lentulus A.novofumigatus A.fischeri A.stellatus A.monodii A.olivicola E.enezuelensis E.variecolour |
– | [146] [147] [131] [148] |
| Sterigmatocystin | A. versicolor | Unknown | |
| A. ustus | Unknown | [149] | |
| A. fructus | Date fruit | [150] | |
| A. protuberus | Indoor Air | [150] | |
| A. tennesseensis | Chestnut Seed | [150] | |
| A. cvjetkovicii | Soil | [150] | |
| A. griseoaurantiacus | House Dust Sample | [107] | |
| A. hongkongensis | Human | [151] | |
| A. pepii sp. Nov | Indoor Air | [152] | |
| A. chevalieri | Unknown | [153] | |
| A. amstelodami | Unknown | [153] | |
| A. multicolour | Unknown | [149] | |
| A. aurantio-brunneus | Unknown | [149] | |
| A. amstelodami | Unknown | [149] | |
| A. parasiticus | Unknown | [149] | |
| A. flavus | Unknown | [149] | |
| A. rambellii sp. nov. | Unknown | [99] | |
| A. askiburgiensis | Cave sediment | [154] | |
| A.croceus | Invertebrate and Vertebrate excreta, Soil | [154] | |
| A.fruticulosus | Unknown | [155] | |
| A.venezuelensis | Marine origin | [103] | |
Gliotoxin Molecular Formula: C13H14N2O4S2 Molecular Weight: 326.4 g/mol |
A.fumigatus A.clavatus A.thermonutatus A.niger A.flavus A.terreus A.chevalieri |
– | [156] [157] [158] |