TABLE 11.

Linear regression results from alcohol and smoking exposure predicting fetal movement/HR cross-correlation Lag.

Exposure category	Both sites			South Africa			Northern Plains
	N	Effect size Mean difference (SE)	p val	N	Effect size Mean difference (SE)	p val	N	Effect size Mean difference (SE)	p val
No alcohol	2812	/	/	1709	/	/	1103	/	/
Alcohol low quit early	1473	−0.0399 (0.0793)	0.615	677	−0.129 (0.114)	0.257	760	0.0549 (0.1078)	0.611
Alcohol high quit early	310	0.0081 (0.144)	0.955	147	−0.331 (0.215)	0.124	163	0.3180 (0.1884)	0.092
Alcohol low continuous	506	−0.2655 (0.1188)	0.025	472	−0.288 (0.131)	0.028	34	−0.5247 (0.3903)	0.179
Alcohol moderate continuous	538	0.142 (0.116)	0.222	428	0.122 (0.139)	0.378	110	0.038 (0.226)	0.867
Alcohol high continuous	270	−0.0959 (0.1575)	0.543	248	−0.146 (0.174)	0.400	22	−0.2326 (0.4862)	0.632
No smoking	3372	/	/	1587	/	/	1785	/	/
Smoking quit early	222	0.1859 (0.1675)	0.267	105	0.0722 (0.252)	0.774	117	0.3031 (0.2203)	0.169
Smoking low continuous	1406	−0.0445 (0.0848)	0.600	1210	−0.0015 (0.0989)	0.987	196	−0.1401 (0.181)	0.439
Smoking moderate/high continuous	873	0.0497 (0.1005)	0.621	779	0.129 (0.115)	0.260	94	−0.3993 (0.2439)	0.102

SE: standard error; P val: p-values; N = number of participants in the group. Bold and italicized values represent p-value ≤ 0.05.