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. 2021 Aug 13;11:16486. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95026-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Workflow of patient-specific computational stenting simulations. Overview of the steps required for computational simulations of bifurcation stenting. The bifurcation lumen and wall are 3D reconstructed by fusing angiography and OCT (Steps 1 and 2). The 3D reconstructed model is meshed and assigned with patient-specific plaque material properties based on OCT imaging (Step 3). The real stent and balloon designs are computationally positioned in the bifurcation (Step 4). Using finite element method, the stenting procedure is computationally performed (Step 4). The output of the simulation includes stent morphometry and biomechanics (Step 5); IVUS intravascular ultrasound, OCT optical coherence tomography, SB side branch, MV main vessel, TAWSS time-averaged wall shear stress.