Table 3.
Hierarchical multiple linear regression of risk factors for HDL.
| Crude change in HDL (mmol/L) for every one-unit increase of the exposure variable from baseline (95% CI) | p value | Adjusted change in HDL (mmol/L) for every one-unit increase of the exposure variable from baseline (95% CI) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 (n = 1068) | Household SES | ||||
| Low | Reference | < 0.001 | Reference | < 0.001 | |
| Middle | 0.06 (0.00, 0.12) | 0.05 (− 0.01, 0.12) | |||
| High | 0.14 (0.07, 0.21) | 0.13 (0.05, 0.19) | |||
| Maternal education | |||||
| None | − 0.19 (− 0.31, − 0.06) | 0.005 | − 0.17 (− 0.30, − 0.04) | 0.03 | |
| Primary | Reference | Reference | |||
| Senior | 0.04 (− 0.01, 0.08) | 0.03 (− 0.02, 0.07) | |||
| Tertiary | 0.03 (− 0.03, 0.10) | 0.02 (− 0.06, 0.09) | |||
| Model 2 (n = 1046) | Maternal age (years) | ||||
| 14–19 | Reference | 0.03 | Reference | 0.04 | |
| 20–24 | − 0.05 (− 0.11, 0.00) | − 0.04 (− 0.10, 0.02) | |||
| 25–29 | − 0.05 (− 0.11, 0.01) | − 0.03 (− 0.11, 0.05) | |||
| 30+ | 0.02 (− 0.05, 0.09) | 0.05 (− 0.05, 0.14) | |||
| Maternal hookworm infection | |||||
| No | Reference | < 0.001 | Reference | 0.01 | |
| Yes | − 0.07 (− 0.12, − 0.03) | − 0.06 (− 0.10, − 0.01) | |||
| Treatment allocation of mother to praziquantel | |||||
| No | Reference | 0.08 | Reference | 0.08 | |
| Yes | − 0.04 (− 0.08, 0.01) | − 0.04 (− 0.08, 0.00) | |||
| Model 3 (n = 882) | Mode of delivery | ||||
| Vaginal | Reference | 0.004 | Reference | 0.01 | |
| C-section/instrument | 0.10 (0.03, 0.17) | 0.10 (0.02, 0.17) | |||
| Season at birth | |||||
| Wet | Reference | 0.03 | Reference | 0.007 | |
| Dry | − 0.04 (− 0.08, 0.00) | − 0.06 (− 0.11, − 0.02) | |||
| Low birthweight | |||||
| No | Reference | 0.01 | Reference | 0.04 | |
| Yes | − 0.11(− 0.19. − 0.03) | − 0.08 (− 0.15, 0.00) | |||
| Model 4 (n = 875) | Asymptomatic malaria below the age of 5 | ||||
| No | Reference | 0.005 | Reference | 0.04 | |
| Yes | − 0.09 (− 0.16, − 0.03) | − 0.08 (− 0.16, − 0.01) | |||
| Model 5 (n = 784) | Current asymptomatic malaria infection | ||||
| No | Reference | < 0.001 | Reference | < 0.001 | |
| Yes | − 0.49 (− 0.64, − 0.35) | − 0.40 (− 0.56, − 0.23) | |||
| Days of vegetables eaten/week | |||||
| None | Reference | 0.98 | Reference | 0.09 | |
| 1–3 | 0.00 (− 0.07, 0.07) | − 0.09 (− 0.18, 0.00) | |||
| 4–7 | 0.00 (− 0.07, 0.07) | − 0.09 (− 0.18, 0.04) | |||
| Days of sugary drinks taken/week | |||||
| None | Reference | < 0.001 | Reference | < 0.001 | |
| 1–3 | 0.02 (− 0.03, 0.06) | 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.07) | |||
| 4–7 | 0.13 (0.07, 0.19) | 0.13 (0.06, 0.20) | |||
Model 1: Age, sex + other variables at level 1.
Model 2: Age, sex, household SES, maternal education + other variables at level 2.
Model 3: Age, sex, household SES, maternal education, maternal age, maternal hookworm infection, treatment allocation to praziquantel + other variables at level 3.
Model 4: Age, sex, household SES, maternal education, maternal age, maternal hookworm infection, treatment allocation to praziquantel, low birthweight, mode of delivery, season + other variables at level 4.
Model 5: Age, sex, household SES, maternal education, maternal age, maternal hookworm infection, treatment allocation to praziquantel, low birthweight, mode of delivery, season, malaria infection below the age of 5 + other variables at level 5.