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. 2021 Aug 8;51:101001. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101001

Table 1.

Estimated Effects for Growth Models from Scenario Set 1: Single Effects.

Cohort Design
Accelerated Design
Mean Est. Std. Err. Min Max Std. Bias Prop. Sig.(adj.) Mean Est. Std. Err. Min Max Std. Bias Prop. Sig.(adj.)
Practice Effects Only
 ρgrowth .998 .000 .997 .998 .379 .015 .335 .426
 VIF 201.6 10.2 171.7 233.8 1.17 .015 1.13 1.22
 γage(mis) .298 .026 .223 .385 11.46 1 .067 .023 .002 .162 2.98 .865
 σ(mis) 1.00 .029 .903 1.09 .011 1.03 .033 .920 1.15 .784
 τ00(mis) .496 .054 .303 .669 −.082 .497 .062 .245 .660 −.042
 γage .003 .395 −1.31 1.12 .008 .048 (.020) .000 .023 −.068 .089 .014 .038 (.015)
 γprac .296 .396 −.777 1.60 −.009 .126 (.082) .298 .051 .147 .470 −.034 1 (1)
 σ 1.00 .029 .903 1.08 −.005 .999 .032 .888 1.12 −.021
 τ00 .496 .054 .302 .663 −.082 .498 .057 .290 .648 −.035
Age Effects Only
 ρgrowth .998 .000 .997 .998 .378 .014 .335 .417
 VIF 202.1 10.7 171.7 243.4 1.17 .015 1.13 1.21
 γage(mis) .299 .025 .218 .373 −.024 1 .301 .021 .233 .361 .040 1
 σ(mis) 1.00 .029 .893 1.10 .021 1.00 .031 .924 1.09 .008
 τ00(mis) .498 .053 .314 .646 −.031 .497 .058 .257 .658 −.057
 γage .298 .387 −.848 1.64 −.005 .114 (.071) .301 .025 .223 .379 .041 1 (1)
 γprac .001 .388 −1.41 1.15 .004 .045 (.023) −.001 .051 −.150 .166 −.016 .044 (.020)
 σ 1.00 .029 .893 1.10 .022 1.00 .031 .924 1.09 .008
 τ00 .498 .054 .314 .646 −.030 .497 .058 .257 .658 −.057

Note: Mean Est. is the expected parameter value across replicants and the Std. Err is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution. The proportion significant (Prop. Sig) represents the number of inferential tests that return a significant result for each parameter (unadjusted first, adjusted in parentheses). Std. Bias is the standardized bias estimate; values > .25 are bolded and represent unacceptable bias. The proportion significant only includes significant results where the inference is correct (e.g., significant negative effects are not included of the population parameter is positive). Rhos (ρgrowth) represent the correlation between growth predictors, VIF represents variance inflation factor, gammas (γ) represent the fixed effects, sigma (σ) is the square-root of the residual random variance, and tau (τ00) is the person-level random variance (square-root shown for consistency). The (mis) denotes parameters from the mis-specified (i.e., age-only) model.