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. 2021 Aug 8;51:101001. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101001

Table 2.

Estimated Effects for Growth Models from Scenario Set 1: Additive Effects.

Cohort Design
Accelerated Design
Mean Est. Std. Err. Min Max Std. Bias Prop. Sig.(adj.) Mean Est. Std. Err. Min Max Std. Bias Prop. Sig.(adj.)
Additive Effects
 ρgrowth .998 .000 .997 .998 .379 .015 .338 .434
 VIF 202.2 10.7 169.2 238.8 1.17 .016 1.13 1.23
 γage(mis) .598 .026 .502 .686 11.32 1 .365 .022 .293 .450 2.91 1
 σ(mis) 1.00 .028 .921 1.09 −.016 1.03 .033 .922 1.14 −.811
 τ00(mis) .497 .051 .305 .660 −.049 .492 .052 .215 .657 −.124
 γage .316 .364 −.968 1.42 .045 .123 (.071) .299 .024 .222 .383 −.049 1 (1)
 γprac .283 .365 0.825 1.56 −.045 .091 (.053) .300 .051 .147 .478 .002 1 (1)
 σ .999 .028 .921 1.09 −.026 1.00 .032 .904 1.09 −.003
 τ00 .497 .051 .307 .660 −.051 .493 .058 .244 .651 −.116
Quadratic Effects of Age
 ρgrowth .998 .000 .997 .998 .379 .015 .334 .427
 VIF 202.7 10.2 171.62 244.29 1.17 .016 1.13 1.22
 γage(mis) .599 .026 .506 .684 11.67 1 (1) .367 .026 .277 .453 2.57 1 (1)
 γage2(mis) −.101 .022 −.160 −.030 −.047 .999 (.996) −.100 .007 −.125 −.080 −.051 1 (1)
 vertex(mis) 3.12 .790 1.73 9.67 2.06 1.83 .129 1.49 2.45 2.58
 σ(mis) 1.00 .029 .919 1.10 .039 1.03 .033 .912 1.13 .783
 τ00(mis) .499 .053 .325 .673 −.018 .497 .062 .270 .667 −.052
 γage .312 .382 −.887 1.50 .031 .112 (.063) .300 .027 .217 .398 −.015 1 (1)
 γage2 −.101 .022 −.160 −.031 −.048 .999 (.992) −.100 .007 −.129 −.080 −.042 1 (1)
 γprac .289 .382 −.909 1.49 −.029 .109 (.050) .299 .053 .112 .475 −.013 1 (.999)
 vertex 1.63 2.10 −5.57 16.40 .060 1.50 .128 1.08 1.95 −.029
 σ 1.00 .029 .917 1.10 .026 .999 .031 .885 1.10 −.028
 τ00 .499 .053 .322 .674 .029 .498 .057 .296 .650 −.043

Note: Mean Est. is the expected parameter value across replicants and the Std. Err is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution. The proportion significant (Prop. Sig) represents the number of inferential tests that return a significant result for each parameter (unadjusted first, adjusted in parentheses). Std. Bias is the standardized bias estimate; values > .25 are bolded and represent unacceptable bias. The proportion significant only includes significant results where the inference is correct (e.g., significant negative effects are not included of the population parameter is positive). Rhos (ρgrowth) represent the correlation between growth predictors, VIF represents variance inflation factor, gammas (γ) represent the fixed effects, “vertex” represents the implied inflection point in the trajectory, sigma (σ) is the square-root of the residual random variance, and tau (τ00) is the person-level random variance (square-root shown for consistency). The (mis) denotes parameters from the mis-specified (i.e., age-only) model.