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. 2021 Aug 13;21:428. doi: 10.1186/s12909-021-02857-8

Table 4.

Absolute frequencies of codes for each theme (Traditional F2F lecture-based approach group)

Traditional approach
Theme (Cognitive process dimension) Category Subcategory Number of codes Quotes
Analyze Analysing procedure Analysis of fundus examination performance 1 “I thought that was great fun because it was easy to see when I actually put that into practice.”
Apply Concrete experience Practice of fundus observation 7 “I had never been able to see the fundus in person before, but this lecture was the first time I was able to see it.”
Learning motivation Motivation from successful experiences 1
Using abstractions Application of knowledge obtained in lecture 1
Understand Understanding procedure Observation method of fundus 2 “At least I now know how to use a fundoscope.”
Usage instructions of fundoscope 2