Table 3.
Characteristics of cohort studies of phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols
| Author/year | Country | Time period | Age/gender | Study cohort | Reference cohort |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wiklund et al., 1986 [39] | Sweden | 1961–1979 | Male | 354,620 workers employed in agriculture or forestry according to a national census in 1960, born in 1891–1940 | 1,725,845 men employed in other industries, born in the same time period |
| Wiklund, et.al., 1988 [40] | Sweden | From the date of license to 1984 | 20,245 Swedish pesticide applicators, observed by means of the Swedish Cancer Register | General Swedish population | |
| Saracci et al., 1991 [41] | International study of 36 cohorts from 10 countries | 1951–1987 | Female /male | 18,390 workers comprise 16,863 males, 1527 females, and 1 of unknown sex, ever-employed in production or spraying of phenoxy herbicides, including those contaminated by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) | General population |
| Sathiakumar et al., 1992 [42] | Alabama, US | 1951–1987 | Male | 4323 men employed at a plant in Alabama that manufactures agricultural, including insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, micronutrients | US and AL general population mortality rates |
| Wiklund et al., 1994 [43] | Sweden | 1971–1987 | Female | 50,682 women with occupations in agriculture, at least 20 h a week, according to the Swedish 1970 census | General female population |
| Gambini et al., 1997 [44] | Northern Italy | 1957–1992 | Male | 1487 male rice growers | National death rate |
| Lynge, 1995 [45] | Denmark | 1947–1993 | Female/male | 2119 workers from Denmark who were potentially exposed to phenoxy herbicides | General population of Denmark |
| Fleming et al., 1999 [46] | Florida, US | 1975–1993 | Female/male | 33,658 (10% female) licensed pesticide applicators | General population of Florida |
| Alavanja et al., 2005 [50] | Iowa and North Carolina, US | Through 2006 | Female/male | 52,394 licensed private pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina, 32,346 spouses of these private applicators, and 4916 licensed commercial applicators, recruited in 1993–1997 | Total population of Iowa |
| Coggon et al., 2015 [38] | England and Wales | Though 2012 | Male | 8036 men employed at five factories, which had manufactured phenoxy herbicides, or in spraying business | General population of England and Wales |