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. 2021 Apr 19;33(7):2116–2130. doi: 10.1093/plcell/koab109

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© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Society of Plant Biologists.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Nine known and three possible strategies to evade extracellular recognition in plants. Illustration of microbial strategies that evade extracellular recognition (A) by preventing the accumulation of MAMP precursors (Level 1, Strategies 1–3); (B) by preventing the hydrolysis of MAMP precursors (Level 2, Strategies 4–7); and (C) by preventing MAMP perception (Level 3, Strategies 8 and 9). (D) Other possible but as yet unreported strategies. MAMP precursors, MAMPs, and other microbial molecules are colored in purple, and host hydrolases and receptors in green. Secretion by microbe and plant are represented by arrows in purple and green, respectively.