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. 2021 Aug 10;16:5395–5409. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S313912

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effects of TEVs on immune cells. TEVs can directly or indirectly inhibit the functions of immune cells (T cell, B cell, DC, macrophages and NK cell) through a variety of ways, and help tumor escape immune surveillance and clearance, thereby promoting tumor occurrence, growth and metastasis.