Table 1.

The Inhibitory Effect of TEVs on Immune Cells

Immune Cell	Effect	Impact Factor	Source of EVs	Reference
T cell	Inhibit T-cell activation	CD39, CD73	Various cancers exosomeal	[17]
		PD-L1	Glioblastoma EVs	[18]
	Inhibit T-cell proliferation	TGF-β	Breast cancer cell exosomal	[16]
	Promote T-cell apoptosis	Fas L	Ovarian cancer exosomal	[23]
	Dysfunction; inhibit Th1 and Th17 differentiation; suppress T-cell functions	miR-24-3p, miR-891a, miR-106a-5, miR-20a-5p, miR-1908	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma exosomal	[26]
		PD-L1	Melanoma/lung/breast cancer exosomal	[30]
		miR-23a-3p	Hepatocellular carcinoma cells exosomal	[29]
	Activate Tregs; promote Treg expansion	CCL20	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma exosomal	[33]
		TGF-β	Colorectal cancer cell EVs	[32]
		miR-214	Lewis lung cancer and human embryonic kidney cell line microvesicles	[34]
		miR-24-3p	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines and patient sera exosomal	[25]
	Enhance the inhibitory effect of MDSCs on γδT cells	miR-21	Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines Cal-27 and SCC- 9 exosomal	[36]
B cell	Suppression function	Tumor antigen	Pancreatic cancer exosomal	[38]
		—	Mycoplasma infects tumor cells exosomal	[40]
	Promote Breg expansion	—	Esophageal cancer microvesicles	[39]
Macrophages	Formation of inflammatory environment before metastasis	miR-21; miR-29a	Lung cancer cell lines A549 and SK-MES exosomal	[43]
		Annexin A2, IL-6, TNF-α	Breast cancer exosomal	[44]
		GCSF, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, CCL2, TNF-α	Breast cancer exosomal	[63]
	Induce the polarization of macrophage to M2 phenotype	miR-222-3p	Epithelial ovarian cancer Skov-3 cells exosomal	[48]
		—	Glioblastoma stem cell exosomal	[50]
		—	Lung cancer cell exosomal	[49]
DCs	Inhibit antigen presentation function	miR-203	Pancreatic cancer cell panc-1 exosomal	[53]
		miR-212-3p	Pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1, SW1990, BxPC-3 exosomal	[52]
	Change the direction of differentiation	—	Breast cancer/lung cancer exosomal	[54]
		—	Melanoma/colorectal cancer exosomal	[55]
NK cell	Down-regulate the expression of the activating receptor NKG2D	MICA*008	Human cervical cancer exosomal	[58]
		NKG2Dligand	Leukemia/lymphoma exosomal	[64]
	Inhibit NK cell function; impair NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity	TGF-β	Acute myeloid leukemia exosomal	[23]
		miR-92b	Serum exosomal from rat model of orthotopic liver tumor	[61]
		miR-23a;TGF-β	Multiple tumor cells derived microvesicles	[59]