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. 2021 Aug 10;13:6291–6307. doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S321433

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© 2021 Huang et al.

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Key metabolites in TCA cycle and ketogenesis. The blue arrows and pink boxes highlight the extrametabolic functions of 2-HG, succinate, fumarate, AA, and 3-OHB.

Abbreviations: TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; SDH, succinate dehydrogenase; FH, fumarate hydratase; α-KG, alpha-ketoglutarate; 2-HG, 2-hydroxyglutarate; MDH, malate dehydrogenase; OAA, oxaloacetate; PHGDH, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; ICL, isocitrate lyase; Ac-CoA, acetyl-CoA; AcAc-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA; HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA; HMGCL, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase; 3-OHB, 3-hydroxybutyrate.