Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Study Participants
| Characteristic | Healthy Controls (n = 75) | Schizophrenia without Agitation (n = 83) | Schizophrenia with Agitation (n = 71) | P | SCZ with Agitation-HCs | SCZ without Agitation-HCs | SCZ with Agitation- SCZ without Agitation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bonferroni | Bonferroni | Bonferroni | |||||
| Demographic Data | |||||||
| Gender | 0.746 | - | - | - | |||
| Male | 35 (46.7%) | 37 (44.6%) | 36 (50.7%) | ||||
| Female | 40 (53.3%) | 46 (55.4%) | 35 (49.3%) | ||||
| Age (years) | 35 (30–46) | 34 (29–47) | 30 (22–39)a, b | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.814 | 0.015 |
| Married | 69 (92.0%) | 30 (36.1%)a | 29 (40.8%)a | <0.001 | - | - | - |
| Employed | 75 (100%) | 48 (57.8%)a | 45 (63.4%)a | <0.001 | - | - | - |
| Education (years) | - | 12 (9–12) | 12 (9–12) | 0.568 | - | - | - |
| Smoking status | - | 0.878 | - | - | - | ||
| Smokers | 19 (22.9%) | 17 (23.9%) | |||||
| Non-smokers | 64 (77.1%) | 54 (76.1%) | |||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | - | 23.3±3.5 | 23.9±4.3 | 0.298 | - | - | - |
| Clinical Data | |||||||
| Illness duration (years) | - | 7 (2–17) | 6 (2–9) | 0.122 | - | - | - |
| First episode | - | 18 (21.7%) | 19 (26.8%) | 0.463 | - | - | - |
| Age at onset (years) | - | 25 (20–31) | 21 (18–29) | 0.114 | - | - | - |
| Family history of psychiatric disorder | - | 21 (25.3%) | 21 (29.6%) | 0.553 | - | - | - |
| Agitation Rating | |||||||
| PANSS-EC score | - | 11 (9–12) | 21 (19–24)b | <0.001 | - | - | - |
Notes: Data are presented as n (%) or median (interquartile range) or mean ± standard deviation. aP < 0.05 vs healthy controls; bP < 0.05 vs patients without agitation.
Abbreviations: SCZ with agitation, schizophrenia with agitation; SCZ without agitation, schizophrenia without agitation; HCs, healthy controls; PANSS-EC, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale-Excited Component scale.