Fig. 8.

(a) Principle of different disinfections for damaging the virus structure. UV irradiation and free chlorine caused inactivation primarily by damaging both viral genome and protein, ¹O₂ caused inactivation by impairing genome replication and ClO₂ by the degradation of proteins (Wigginton et al., 2012); (b) CT values needed to achieve 4 LRVs of the removal of AdV, CVB, ECHO and MNV using free chlorine at pH 6–9 and temperature 5–20 °C (above) and using monochloramine at pH 7–8 and temperature 5–15 °C (below) (Rachmadi et al., 2020); (c) distinctive inactivation mechanism of UV radiation at different wavelengths. UV₂₂₄ mainly affected the integrity of viral capsid to inhibit the delivery of viral genome into the host cell, while UV₂₅₄ and UV₂₈₀ mainly restrained the DNA replication (Bravo et al., 2018).