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. 2021 Aug 14;801:149678. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149678

Table 2.

Separation of viruses from wastewater using a polymer-modified membrane.

Membrane specification/charge (pH = 7.4) Average pore size Viruses Operating conditions Removal efficiency (LRVs) References
Microfiltration/0.1–1 μm
Polyethersulfone membrane coated with PEI/positive 0.45 μm Bacteriophage MS2 0.2 bars
(4 ± 0.9) × 109 PFU/mL		 >3 Sinclair et al., 2018
TiO2 tubular ceramic microfilters 0.8 μm Bacteriophage P22 5 × 109 PFU/mL 5 Guo et al., 2015
Nano-composite electrospun nanofiber membrane (PAN-ATTM, PAN-TEOS) 0.8 μm Semliki Forest virus 106 PFU/mL 1.96 Al-Attabi et al., 2019
Chitosan membranes modified by pyromellitic dianhydride – Bacteriophage MS2 109 PFU/mL 3 Majiya et al., 2019
PAN/PET-cellulose nanofibers/positive 0.73 μm Bacteriophage MS2 106 PFU/mL 4 Wang et al., 2013
Microporous ceramics with ZrO2 and Y2O3 coatings/positive 0.2–2 μm Bacteriophage MS2 3 bars
107 PFU/mL		 4,
7		 Wegmann et al., 2008,Wegmann et al., 2009
SiO2-Y2O3 composite nanofiber membrane/positive 0.1 μm Bacteriophage MS2 – 4 Liu et al., 2019
PEI-TA-PES membrane (LBL); PEI-Ag/CuNPs-PES membrane 0.45 μm Bacteriophage MS2 4 × 108 PFU/mL 4.5–5 Sinclair et al., 2019
Coating of the ceramic membrane with HTS and OTS 0.15 μm Bacteriophage MS2
Bacteriophage PhiX174		 2.5 bars
109 PFU/mL		 0.3 ± 0.1
3.4 ± 0.2		 Bartels et al., 2019
Nano-TiO2-PVDF flat membrane 0.2 μm Phage F2 1.35 × 107 PFU/mL 3.88 Zheng et al., 2013
Coating of fiber filter with MWCNTs-copper hydroxide precipitate 0.4 μm Bacteriophage MS2 108 PFU/mL
pH = 5		 >5 Domagala et al., 2020
Spray-dried alumina granules modified with copper (oxide) nanoparticles on ceramic filter 1–2 μm Bacteriophage MS2 104 PFU/mL 3.1;
3.2		 Mazurkow et al., 2020.



Ultrafiltration/2–100 nm
Polysulfone (capillary) 20 nm Bacteriophage MS2 106–107 PFU/mL 2.5–6 Kreißel et al., 2012
Graft-polymerized zwitterionic SPP on polyethersulfone membrane 50 nm Bacteriophage MS2, Human adenovirus 0.69 bar
2.3–3.0 × 109 PFU/mL		 >6, 6.6–7.8 Lu et al., 2017
Polysulfone membrane coated with Columnar LC-PET film 3.5 nm Bacteriophage Qβ,
Bacteriophage MS2,
Aichi virus		 0.3 MPa
107–108 PFU/mL		 >6.7,
6.3,
7.6		 Kuo et al., 2020
Coating of the polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane with nAg/negative – Bacteriophage MS2 5 ± 0.2 × 105 PFU/mL 4 Zodrow et al., 2009
Nano-TiO2-PAN flat membrane 50 nm Phage F2 1.35 × 107 PFU/mL 6.4 Zheng et al., 2013



Nanofiltration/1–2 nm
Polysulfone membrane coated with Two-Component Columnar LC-PET film 1.6 nm Bacteriophage Qβ 0.3 MPa
108 PFU/mL		 4.4 ± 0.3 Kreißel et al., 2012
Polysulfone membrane coated with Columnar LC/PET film 1.8 nm Bacteriophage Qβ 0.3 MPa
108 PFU/mL		 4.7 ± 0.3 Gupta et al., 2019



Reverse osmosis/<1 nm
Polysulfone membrane coated with Cubbi LC 0.6 nm Bacteriophage Qβ 0.8 MPa
NaCl 500 mg/L
108 PFU/mL		 >6.3 Marets et al., 2017

Notes: PEI: polyethyleneimine; PAN: polyacrylonitrile; ATTM: ammonium tetrathiomolybdate; TEOS: tetraethyl orthosilicate; PET: poly(ethylene terephthalate); TA: terephthalaldehyde; PES: polyethersulfone; LBL: layer-by-layer; HTS: n-hexyltriethoxysilane; OTS: n-octyltriethoxysilane; PVDF: polyvinylidene fluoride; SPP: ([3-(methacryloylamino) propyl]dimethyl (3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide); LC: liquid-crystalline; Cubbi: bicontinuous cubic. MWCNTs: multi-walled carbon nanotubes.