Table 1.
Summary of effects of developmental POP exposure on dendritic morphology and spine formation.
| Toxicant | Dose | Route of Exposure | Species | Sex | Brain region | Exposure Period | Effect on dendrite growth and spine formation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aroclor 1254 | 6 mg/kg/day | Gavage | Rat | Males vs. Females | Cerebellum | Before, during, after gestation | No change in dendrite growth | Roegge et al., 2006 |
| 6 mg/kg/day | Gavage | Rat | Males only | Hippocampus, Cortex | During and after gestation | Increased dendrite growth | Lein et al., 2007 | |
| 1, 6 mg/kg/day | Diet | Rat | Males only | Cerebellum, Cortex | Before, during, after gestation | Increased dendrite growth; Decreased experience-dependent dendrite growth | Yang et al., 2009 | |
| PCB 95 | 0.1, 1, 6 mg/kg/day | Diet; in vitro | Rat | Not specified | Hippocampus | Before, during, after gestation; primary cell cultures | Increased dendrite growth | Wayman et al., 2012 |
| 200 nM | In vitro | Rat | Male and Females Combined | Hippocampus | Primary cell cultures | Increased spine formation | Lesiak et al., 2014 | |
| 2, 20, 200 nM | In vitro | Rat | Not specified | Hippocampus | Primary cell cultures | Increased dendrite growth | Wayman et al., 2012 | |
| 1 nM | In vitro | Rat | Male and Females Combined | Hippocampus | Primary cell cultures | Increased dendrite growth | Keil et al., 2018 | |
| 100 fM to 1 μM | In vitro | Mouse | Male vs. Females | Hippocampus, Cortex | Primary cell cultures | Increased dendrite growth | Keil et al., 2019 | |
| PCB 136 | 0.1 to 1000 nM | In vitro | Rat | Not specified | Hippocampus | Primary cell cultures | Increased dendrite growth | Yang et al., 2014 |
| PCB 11 | 1 aM to 1 μM | In vitro | Rat | Male and Females Combined | Hippocampus | Primary cell cultures | Increased dendrite growth | Sethi et al., 2017 |
| 1 fM to 1 nM | In vitro | Rat; Mouse | Male vs. Females | Hippocampus, Cortex | Primary cell cultures | Increased dendrite growth (species, sex, and region specific) | Sethi et al., 2017 | |
| 1 fM to 1 nM | In vitro | Rat | Not specified | Cortex | Primary cell cultures | Increased dendrite growth | Sethi et al., 2018 | |
| PCB 106, 112, 121, 159, 165, | 0.5 nM, 5 nM, 50 nM | In vitro | Mouse | Not specified | Cerebellum | Primary cell cultures | PCBs 112, 165, 187 increased dendritic growth; PCBs 106, 121, and 159 decreasd dendritic growth | Kimura-Kuroda et al., 2007 |
| PCB 121, 159 | 0.5 pM, 50 pM, 50 nM | In vitro | Mouse | Not specified | Cerebellum | Primary cell cultures | Decreased thyroid-induced dendrite growth | Kimura-Kuroda et al., 2005 |
| TCDD | 0.6, 3.0 μg/kg | Gavage | Mouse | Males only | Hippocampus, Amygdala | GD 12.5 | Decreased dendrite growth and spine density | Kimura et al., 2015 |
| B(a)P | 0.1, 1 μM/d | Intraperitoneal | Rat | Males only | Hippocampus | Early adolescence | Decreased dendrite growth and spine density | Das et al., 2019 |
| PBDE 209 | 10^-10 M | In vitro | Rat | Not specified | Cerebellum | Primary cell cultures | Inhibited TH-induced dendrite growth | Ibhazehiebo et al., 2011 |
| 10^-10 M | In vitro | Rat | Not specified | Cerebellum | Primary cell cultures | Inhibited TH-induced dendrite growth | Xiong et al., 2012 | |
| 10^-10 M | In vitro | Rat | Not specified | Cerebellum | Primary cell cultures | Inhibited TH-induced dendrite growth | Ibhazehiebo et al., 2012 | |
| PBDE 47, 49 | 20 pM to 2 μM | In vitro | Rat | Male and Females Combined | Hippocampus | Primary cell cultures | Delayed neurite growth (high concentrations) | Chen et al., 2017 |
| BP-6 | 10^-7 to 10^-12 M | In vitro | Rat | Not specified | Cerebellum | Primary cell cultures | Inhibited TH-induced dendrite growth | Ibhazehiebo et al., 2011 |
Abbreviations: GD = gestational day; PND = postnatal day; TH = thyroid hormone