Table I.

(associated with Box 1). Vaccine adjuvants

Adjuvant	Ingredients	Vaccines	Mechanism
Alum	Aluminum hydroxide; Aluminum phosphate; Amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate	Many (Hepatitis virus A & B; Diphtheria & tetanus; haemophilus influenza; human papillomavirus)	Type 2 cytokine response and inflammasome activation; antigen depot effect
MF59	Squalene, Span 85, and Tween 80 in 10 mM sodium citrate buffer at pH 6.5	Adjuvanted influenza vaccine (FLUAD)	Promote type 1 cytokines, recruit antigen-presenting cells and enhance antigen uptake
AS01	Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and the saponin QS-21	Zoster Vaccine Recombinant, Adjuvanted (SHINGRIX)	Enhance IFN-γ (NK cells) to promote TH1 and T cell cytotoxicity
AS03	Squalene , α-tocopherol, and Tween80 in phosphate buffered saline	Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Monovalent Vaccine, Adjuvanted (N/A)	Increase NK-cell proliferation, enhance antigen uptake, immune cell recruitment, local inflammation
AS04	Aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL)	Hepatitis B (Fendrix), Human Papillomavirus Bivalent (Types 16, 18) Vaccine, Recombinant (Cervarix)	Bind TLR4, recruit and activate immune cells, promote IFN-γ (NK cells)
CpG-ODN	CpG-1018 : CpG-B class oligonucleotide with a phosphorothioate-backbone and the sequence 5’-TGACTGTGAA CG TT CG AGATGA-3’	Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant), Adjuvanted (HEPLISAV-B)	Bind TLR9 (B cells and DC), activate type I IFN, Promote IFN-γ (NK cell) and TH1
3M-052	Synthetic TLR7/8 agonist	Experimental influenza, HIV, malaria, and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines	Stimulate TLR7 and TLR8 to promote inflammation
GLA-SE	Synthetic TLR4 agonist	Experimental influenza, MTB, and HIV vaccines	Stimulate innate inflammation via TLR4