TABLE 1.
Experiment methods and results of papers in meta‐analysis
| First author (Year) | Country | Design | No. of participants | Occupation | Gender |
Age Mean (SD) |
Scheduling rules |
Duration of actigraph data (days) |
Results of actigraph sleep indices |
Empirical level |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Dayshift | Nightshift | ||||||||||
|
Baek (2020)24 |
Korea | Prospective | 94 | Nurses | Female | 28.09 (4.28) |
Night shift for 2‐3 consecutive days at least once per month, and each individual could have rapidly changed to different shifts over a period of 5 days Day shift: 7:00‐15:30 Evening shift: 15:00‐23:30 Night shift: 22:30‐23:00‐7:30 of next day |
14 | SE (%) | 78.01 (13.35) | 77.14 (12.90) | 6/8 |
| SOL (min) | 33.03 (37.98) | 34.39 (36.71) | ||||||||||
| WASO (min) | 30.34 (23.18) | 42.58 (30.94) | ||||||||||
| TST (hour) | 5.31 (1.71) | 7.12 (2.64) | ||||||||||
| Chang (2019)25 | Taiwan | Cross‐sectional |
Day:58 Night:43 |
Nurses | Female | 26.62 (5.00) |
Slow shift change once per month Day shift: 8:00‐16:00 Evening shift: 16:00‐24:00 Night shift: 0:00‐8:00 |
7 | WASO (min) | 30.14 (34.99) | 36.67 (24.23) | 5/8 |
| Choi (2016)26 | Korea | Cross‐sectional | 12 | Nurses | Female | 26.40 (4.01) | Each individual rotated through day, evening, and night shifts over a period of two weeks | 14 | SE (%) | 86.24 (8.73) | 84.67 (7.72) | 6/8 |
| SOL (min) | 7.19 (14.96) | 5.22 (8.24) | ||||||||||
| WASO (min) | 37.40 (28.79) | 31.48 (15.57) | ||||||||||
| TST (hour) | 5.55 (1.45) | 5.20 (2.01) | ||||||||||
| Flynn‐Evans (2018)27 | USA | Cross‐sectional | 41 | Pilots |
Male Female |
30.80 (7.10) | Day shift for 5 days, rest for 3 days, evening shift for 5 days, rest for 3 days, night shift for 5 days, and then rest for 4 days | 5 | SE (%) | 81.00 (7.00) | 81.00 (9.00) | 5/8 |
| SOL (min) | 21.00 (17.00) | 24.00 (28.00) | ||||||||||
| WASO (min) | 45.00 (30.00) | 55.00 (40.00) | ||||||||||
| TST (hour) | 5.70 (0.73) | 6.69 (0.93) | ||||||||||
| Ganesan (2019)28 | Australia | Cross‐sectional | 44 |
Nurses Doctors |
Male Female |
33.80 (9.70) |
Nurses rotated to different shifts irregularly Day shift: 7:00‐15:30 Evening shift: 13:00‐21:30 Night shift: 21:00‐7:30 of next day Doctors worked days shifts 8:00‐21:00 for 7 days, rested for 7 days, worked night shifts 20:00‐9:00 for 7 days, and then rested for 7 days |
28 | WASO (min) | 151.80 (78.60) | 315.00 (127.20) | 5/8 |
| TST (hour) | 5.74 (1.17) | 6.36 (1.18) | ||||||||||
| Kang (2014)29 | Taiwan | Cross‐sectional |
Day:16 Night:13 |
Nurses | Female | 25.90 (3.19) | Slow shift change once per month Day shift: 8:00‐16:00 Evening shift: 16:00‐24:00 Night shift: 0:00‐8:00 | 7 | SE (%) | 96.53 (1.69) | 95.24 (3.08) | 6/8 |
| SOL (min) | 13.87 (7.15) | 9.08 (3.06) | ||||||||||
| WASO (min) | 15.91 (8.86) | 19.63 (10.37) | ||||||||||
| TST (hour) | 6.45 (1.05) | 6.62 (1.35) | ||||||||||
| Lamond (2005)30 | Australia | Cross‐sectional | 14 |
Train drivers |
Male | 46.60 (4.90) |
Rapid shift changes over a period of 3 days Day shift: 4:00‐12:00 Evening shift: 12:00‐20:00 Night shift: 20:00‐04:00 of next day |
3 | SE (%) | 77.80 (15.60) | 79.30 (15.40) | 6/8 |
| SOL (min) | 37.70 (45.70) | 28.40 (33.40) | ||||||||||
| TST (hour) | 3.60 (1.00) | 4.60 (1.10) | ||||||||||
| Martin (2015)31 | Canada | Cross‐sectional | 39 | Police officers |
Male Female |
28.90 (3.20) |
Rapid shift changes over a period of 3 days Day shift: 7:00‐15:00 Evening shift: 15:00‐23:00 Night shift: 00:00‐7:00 |
4 | SE (%) | 85.00 (4.80) | 85.10 (4.30) | 6/8 |
| SOL (min) | 9.00 (8.00) | 7.00 (6.00) | ||||||||||
| WASO (min) | 42.00 (14.00) | 39.00 (14.00) | ||||||||||
| TST (hour) | 6.02 (0.78) | 5.30 (0.87) | ||||||||||
| Niu (2013)32 | Taiwan | Prospective |
Day:30 Night:32 |
Nurses | Female | 27.76 (4.31) |
Day shift for 5 days, rest for 5 days, night shift for 5 days, and then rest for 5 days Day shift: 7:30‐15:30 Evening shift: 15:30‐23:30 Night shift: 23:30‐7:30 of next day |
9 | SE (%) | 79.48 (2.64) | 82.37 (1.92) | 5/8 |
| SOL (min) | 5.48 (1.75) | 11.50 (2.80) | ||||||||||
| WASO (min) | 87.07 (10.83) | 88.77 (12.45) | ||||||||||
| TST (hour) | 5.67 (0.25) | 7.16 (0.44) | ||||||||||
| Sadeghniiat‐ Haghighi (2020)33 | Iran | Cross‐sectional |
Day:4 Night:10 |
Oil rig workers | Male | 35.90 (7.90) |
Day shift for 2 weeks, rest for 2 weeks, night shift for 2 weeks, and then rest for 2 weeks Day shift: 12 hours Night shift: 12 hours |
14 | TST (hour) | 5.97 (0.87) | 6.17 (0.98) | 6/8 |
| Saksvik (2011)34 | Norway | Cross‐sectional |
Day:4 Night:10 |
Oil rig workers | Male | 44.00 (8.57) |
Day shift for 2 weeks, rest for 2 weeks, night shift for 2 weeks, and then rest for 2 weeks Day shift: 7:00‐19:00 Night shift: 19:00‐7:00 of next day |
14 | SE (%) | 84.00 (6.35) | 83.00 (6.47) | 6/8 |
| Tremaine (2011)35 | Australia | Cross‐sectional | 17 | Midwives | Male Female | 46.80 (10.30) |
Rapid rotation through day, evening, and night shifts Start time day shift: 6:00‐9:00 Start time evening shift: 11:00‐17:00 Start time night shift: 20:00‐22:00 |
28 | SOL (min) | 12.38 (15.82) | 9.29 (14.51) | 7/8 |
| WASO (min) | 42.85 (20.59) | 44.67 (23.69) | ||||||||||
| TST (hour) | 5.97 (1.04) | 6.11 (1.80) | ||||||||||
Abbreviation: SE, Sleep efficiency; SOL, Sleep‐onset latency; TST, Total sleep time; WASO, Wake after sleep onset.