TABLE 2.
Summary of meta‐analysis results and GRADE evidence profile
| Quality assessment | Summary of findings | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
No. of studies |
Design | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | Day shift | Night shift | Effect size | Quality of evidence | ||
| No. of participants | Mean (SD) | No. of participants | Mean (SD) | SMD (95% CI) | ||||||||
| SE (%) | ||||||||||||
| 8 | 7 observational studies, 1 randomized trial | Seriousa | Seriousb | No serious | No serious | Undetected | 250 | 83.51 (7.52) | 255 | 83.48 (7.60) | 0.27 (−0.03, 0.57) |
⊕⊕○○ low because of lack of blinding and heterogeneity |
| SOL (min) | ||||||||||||
| 8 | 7 observational studies, 1 randomized trial | Seriousa | Seriousb | No serious | No serious | Undetected | 263 | 17.46 (18.55) | 262 | 16.11 (16.59) | 0.62 ( 0.15, 1.08) |
⊕⊕○○ low because of lack of blinding and heterogeneity |
| WASO (min) | ||||||||||||
| 9 | 8 observational studies, 1 randomized trial | Seriousa | Seriousb | No serious | No serious | Undetected | 351 | 53.61 (27.76) | 335 | 74.76 (33.16) | 0.41 ( 0.12, 0.70) |
⊕⊕○○ low because of lack of blinding and heterogeneity |
| TST (hour) | ||||||||||||
| 10 | 9 observational studies, 1 randomized trial | Seriousa | Seriousb | No serious | No serious | Undetected | 311 | 5.60 (1.01) | 316 | 6.13 (1.33) | 0.85 ( 0.32, 1.39) |
⊕⊕⊕○ moderate because of lack of blinding, heterogeneity and large effect (upgrading quality) |
Abbreviation: 95% CI, 95% Confidence interval; SD, Standard deviation; SDM, Standard deviation of the mean; SE, Sleep efficiency; SOL, Sleep‐onset latency; TST, Total sleep time; WASO, Wake after sleep onset.n
a
Lack of blinding.
b
Tests of heterogeneity.