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. 2021 Aug 16;7(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s40854-021-00277-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Full sample illustrations. The figure illustrates the line charts for variables namely, R is the log percentage return of the Nikkei price index; $RV$ is the Nikkei stock average volatility index, finally GOP is the growth rate in the WTI spot price of oil