Table 4.
Follow-up comparisons with active controls across PICOS
| PICOS | Subcategory | kall | ESall | ESall Min | ESall Max | Rep Study | krep | nrep | ESrep | 95% CIrep | I2rep |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | Children | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Population | Adults | 7 | 18 | −0.14 | 0.52 | Goldberg (2018) | 29 | 3810 | 0.29 | 0.13, 0.45 | 72 |
| Population | Older adults | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Population | Employees | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Population | Healthcare | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Population | Students | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Problem | Psychiatric | 6 | 16 | −0.14 | 0.52 | Goldberg (2018) | 29 | 3810 | 0.29 | 0.13, 0.45 | 72 |
| Problem | Physical | 2 | 3 | 0.01 | 0.18 | Goldberg (2018) | 8 | 946 | 0.18 | −0.07, 0.44 | 51 |
| Problem | Cancer | 1 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.01 | Cillessen (2019) | 7 | 772 | 0.01 | −0.14, 0.15 | 0 |
| Problem | Pain | 1 | 1 | 0.18 | 0.18 | Goldberg (2018) | 8 | 946 | 0.18 | −0.07, 0.44 | 51 |
| Problem | Weight/eating | 1 | 1 | 0.18 | 0.18 | Goldberg (2018) | 5 | 437 | 0.18 | −0.16, 0.53 | 74 |
| Problem | Psychotic | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Problem | Anxiety | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Problem | Depression | 4 | 6 | 0.04 | 0.35 | Goldberg (2018) | 7 | 1064 | 0.04 | −0.13, 0.20 | 0 |
| Problem | MDD relapse | 1 | 2 | 0.16 | 0.17 | Kuyken (2016) | 5 | 892 | 0.16 | 0.01, 0.31 | 0 |
| Problem | Substance use | 1 | 1 | 0.38 | 0.38 | Goldberg (2018) | 4 | 900 | 0.38 | 0.00, 0.76 | 73 |
| Problem | Smoking | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Interv | Various MBIs | 5 | 15 | −0.14 | 0.52 | Goldberg (2018) | 29 | 3810 | 0.29 | 0.13, 0.45 | 72 |
| Interv | MBSR | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Interv | MBCT | 3 | 4 | 0.16 | 0.26 | Lenz (2016) | 7 | NA | 0.16 | 0.01, 0.30 | 0 |
| Interv | MBSR/MBCT | 3 | 4 | 0.16 | 0.26 | Lenz (2016) | 7 | NA | 0.16 | 0.01, 0.30 | 0 |
| Interv | mHealth | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Outcome | Psych sx | 8 | 17 | −0.14 | 0.52 | Goldberg (2018) | 29 | 3810 | 0.29 | 0.13, 0.45 | 72 |
| Outcome | Stress | 1 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.01 | Cillessen (2019) | 7 | 772 | 0.01 | −0.14, 0.15 | 0 |
| Outcome | Phys sx | 2 | 2 | −0.14 | 0.18 | Goldberg (2018) | 8 | 946 | 0.18 | −0.07, 0.44 | 51 |
| Outcome | Physiology | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Outcome | Well-being | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Outcome | Mindfulness | 1 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | Goldberg (2019) | 13 | 1430 | 0.1 | −0.08, 0.28 | 58.54 |
| Outcome | Objective | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Outcome | Sleep | 1 | 1 | −0.14 | −0.14 | Rusch (2019) | 4 | 527 | −0.14 | −0.62, 0.34 | 84 |
Note: PICOS = populations, problems, interventions, comparisons, outcomes, and study design; Subcategory = PICOS subcategory; kall = number of meta-analyses providing effect size for PICOS subcategory; Min = minimum effect size for subcategory; ESall Max = maximum effect size for subcategory; Rep Study = meta-analysis that included the effect size based on the largest number of studies for PICOS subcategory; krep= number of studies in representative effect size; nrep= number of participants for representative effect size; ESrep= representative effect size; 95% CIrep= confidence interval for representative effect size; I2rep= heterogeneity for representative effect size; NA = not available; sx = symptoms; MDD = major depressive disorder; MBI = mindfulness-based intervention; MBSR = mindfulness-based stress reduction; MBCT = mindfulness-based cognitive therapy; mHealth = mobile health; Phys = physical; Psych = psychiatric.