Table 3.
Patient Characteristics by 30-Day in-Hospital Mortality
| Characteristic | Overall | PS-Matched | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survival (n = 233) | Death (n = 49) | OR (95% CI) | P | Survival (n = 159) | Death (n = 35) | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | 107 (45.9) | 34 (69.4) | 2.669 (1.380–5.164) | .003 | 73 (45.9) | 24 (68.6) | 2.570 (1.180–5.601) | .015 |
| Age (mean ± SD) | 60.2 ± 14.1 | 59.2 ± 15.9 | .630 | 60.1 ± 13.4 | 58.5 ± 17.1 | .592 | ||
| Male | 141 (60.5) | 31 (63.3) | 0.890 (0.470–1.683) | .720 | 96 (60.4) | 20 (57.1) | 1.143 (0.545–2.398 | .724 |
| Underlying disease | ||||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 26 (11.2) | 11 (22.4) | 2.305 (1.051–5.054) | .033 | 16 (10.1) | 7 (20.0) | 2.234 (0.842–5.931) | .107 |
| Neurologic disease | 31 (13.3) | 7 (14.3) | 1.086 (0.448–2.631) | .855 | 20 (12.6) | 5 (14.3) | 1.158 (0.403–3.331) | .785 |
| Pulmonary disease | 8 (3.4) | 1 (2.0) | 0.586 (0.072–4.795) | >.999 | 4 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | N/A | N/A |
| Liver disease | 74 (31.8) | 18 (36.7) | 1.248 (0.656–2.373) | .500 | 50 (31.4) | 12 (34.3) | 1.137 (0.524–2.267) | .745 |
| Renal disease | 53 (22.7) | 22 (44.9) | 2.767 (1.458–5.253) | .001 | 39 (24.5) | 13 (37.1) | 1.818 (0.838–3.947) | .131 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 58 (24.9) | 11 (22.4) | 0.873 (0.419–1.819) | .718 | 41 (25.8) | 7 (20.0) | 0.720 (0.292–1.772) | .473 |
| Active cancer | 178 (76.4) | 42 (85.7) | 1.854 (0.788–4.361) | .152 | 125 (78.6) | 30 (85.7) | 1.632 (0.589–4.525) | .343 |
| Transplantationa | 33 (14.2) | 2 (4.1) | 0.258 (0.060–1.113) | .052 | 23 (14.5) | 2 (5.7) | 0.358 (0.080–1.597) | .178 |
| Charlson comorbidity index (median, IQR) | 6 (4–9) | 8 (6–10) | .005 | 6 (4–9) | 8 (6–10) | .082 | ||
| Comorbid Condition | ||||||||
| Surgery within 30 days | 44 (18.9) | 9 (18.4) | 0.966 (0.437–2.138) | .933 | 32 (20.1) | 6 (17.1) | 0.821 (0.314–2.146) | .332 |
| Receipt of immunosuppressive therapy or corticosteroid within 30 days | 93 (39.9) | 23 (46.9) | 1.332 (0.717–2.474) | .364 | 63 (39.6) | 17 (48.6) | 1.439 (0.690–3.002) | .332 |
| Central venous catheter | 65 (27.9) | 23 (46.9) | 2.286 (1.218–4.292) | .009 | 43 (27.0) | 15 (42.9) | 2.023 (0.951–4.306) | .064 |
| Biliary drainage catheter | 65 (27.9) | 13 (26.5) | 0.933 (0.465–1.872) | .846 | 47 (29.6) | 9 (25.7) | 0.825 (0.359–1.894) | .649 |
| Urinary catheter | 37 (15.6) | 18 (36.7) | 3.076 (1.560–6.064) | .001 | 26 (16.4) | 15 (42.9) | 3.837 (1.740–8.457) | .001 |
| ICU care | 18 (7.7) | 13 (26.5) | 4.313 (1.946–9.560) | <.001 | 13 (8.2) | 10 (28.6) | 4.492 (1.778–11.353) | .002 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 14 (6.0) | 8 (16.3) | 3.052 (1.204–7.740) | .014 | 11 (6.9) | 6 (17.1) | 2.783 (0.954–8.127) | .061 |
| Tracheostomy | 10 (4.3) | 2 (4.1) | 0.949 (0.201–4.473) | .947 | 7 (4.4) | 2 (5.7) | 1.316 (0.262–6.623) | .666 |
| Dialysis | 11 (4.7) | 7 (14.3) | 3.364 (1.233–9.174) | .013 | 8 (5.0) | 6 (17.1) | 3.905 (1.261–12.097) | .018 |
| Healthcare-associated infection | 171 (73.4) | 47 (95.9) | 8.520 (2.009–36.128) | .001 | 120 (75.5) | 32 (91.4) | 3.467 (1.006–11.948) | .049 |
| Septic shock at presentation | 52 (22.3) | 22 (44.9) | 2.836 (1.493–5.389) | .001 | 34 (21.4) | 20 (57.1) | 4.902 (2.271–10.580) | <.001 |
| Pitt bacteremia score (median, IQR) | 1 (0–3) | 3 (1–4) | <.001 | 1 (0–2) | 3 (1–5) | <.001 | ||
| Focus of Infection | ||||||||
| Primary bacteremia | 32 (13.7) | 11 (22.4) | 1.818 (0.844–3.918) | .123 | 17 (10.7) | 7 (20.0) | 2.088 (0.792–5.503) | .136 |
| Catheter related | 32 (13.7) | 6 (12.2) | 0.876 (0.345–2.226) | .781 | 23 (14.5) | 4 (11.4) | 0.763 (0.246–2.365) | .639 |
| Respiratory tract | 11 (4.7) | 8 (16.3) | 3.983 (1.493–10.385) | .003 | 9 (5.7) | 3 (8.6) | 1.562 (0.401–6.095) | .521 |
| Hepatobiliary | 83 (35.6) | 11 (22.4) | 0.523 (0.254–1.078) | .075 | 59 (37.1) | 8 (22.9) | 0.502 (0.214–1.177) | .113 |
| Intraabdominal | 31 (13.3) | 8 (16.3) | 1.271 (0.545–2.965) | .578 | 22 (13.8) | 8 (22.9) | 1.845 (0.744–4.576) | .186 |
| Urinary tract | 35 (15.0) | 4 (8.2) | 0.503 (0.170–1.487) | .206 | 24 (15.1) | 4 (11.4) | 0.726 (0.235–2.243) | .578 |
| Others | 9 (3.9) | 1 (2.0) | 0.519 (0.064–4.190) | .531 | 5 (3.1) | 1 (2.9) | 0.906 (0.103–8.005) | >.999 |
| Inappropriateness of empirical antibiotics | 51 (21.9) | 12 (24.5) | 1.157 (0.563–2.381) | .691 | 35 (22.0) | 7 (20.0) | 0.886 (0.357–2.199) | .794 |
| Inappropriateness of definitive antibiotics | 6 (2.6) | 4 (8.2) | 3.363 (0.912–12.401) | .055 | 6 (3.8) | 2 (5.7) | 1.545 (0.299–7.998) | .637 |
| Definitive antibiotic regimen | ||||||||
| 3rd-generation cephalosporin | 22 (9.4) | 3 (6.1) | 0.625 (0.180–2.178) | .588 | 16 (10.1) | 2 (5.7) | 0.542 (0.119–2.471) | .537 |
| 4th-generation cephalosporin | 47 (20.2) | 7 (14.3) | 0.660 (0.279–1.561) | .341 | 29 (18.2) | 5 (14.3) | 0.747 (0.267–2.090) | .578 |
| Piperacillin/tazobactam | 51 (21.9) | 15 (30.6) | 1.574 (0.796–3.115) | .190 | 38 (23.9) | 8 (22.9) | 0.943 (0.396–2.250) | .896 |
| Quinolone | 59 (25.3) | 12 (24.5) | 0.956 (0.468–1.955) | .903 | 41 (25.8) | 8 (22.9) | 0.853 (0.359–2.026) | .718 |
| Carbapenem | 61 (26.2) | 17 (34.7) | 1.498 (0.777–2.889) | .226 | 41 (25.8) | 15 (42.9) | 2.159 (1.012–4.606) | .044 |
| Duration of susceptible antibiotics, days (median, IQR) | 14 (11–18) | 11 (5–16) | .464 | 14 (11–19) | 12 (6–16) | .020 | ||
| Source control | 165 (70.8) | 28 (57.1) | 0.549 (0.292–1.034) | .061 | 95 (59.7) | 20 (57.1) | 0.898 (0.428–1.884) | .776 |
| Resistance rate | ||||||||
| 3rd-generation cephalosporin | 69 (29.6) | 14 (28.6) | 0.951 (0.481–1.878) | .884 | 47 (29.6) | 10 (28.6) | 0.953 (0.425–2.140) | .907 |
| 4th-generation cephalosporin | 15 (6.4) | 5 (10.2) | 1.652 (0.571–4.780) | .360 | 10 (6.3) | 4 (11.4) | 1.923 (0.566–6.528) | .286 |
| Piperacillin/tazobactamb | 60 (25.8) | 12 (24.5) | 0.961 (0.470–1.967) | .232 | 42 (26.4) | 9 (26.5) | 1.003 (0.433–2.322) | .995 |
| Imipenem | 47 (20.2) | 8 (16.3) | 0.772 (0.339–1.757) | .537 | 36 (22.6) | 5 (14.3) | 0.569 (0.206–1.574) | .273 |
| Azteronam | 59 (25.3) | 14 (28.6) | 1.180 (0.594–2.344) | .637 | 42 (26.4) | 10 (28.6) | 1.114 (0.494–2.514) | .794 |
| Ciprofloxacinc | 11 (4.7) | 6 (12.2) | 2.783 (0.972–7.972) | .130 | 7 (4.8) | 5 (15.2) | 3.546 (1.050–11.979) | .047 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; N/A, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; PS, propensity score; SD, standard deviation.
aIncluded both bone marrow transplantation and solid organ transplantation.
bOne isolate was not tested for susceptibility to piperacillin/tazobactam.
cTwenty-seven isolates and 15 isolates, respectively, were not tested for susceptibility to ciprofloxacin among overall (n = 205) and PS-matched (n = 179) cohorts.