Table 3.
Studies of CV complications in South Asians and whites with T2D.
| First author | Study design, country | South Asian | White | Follow up, years | Adjustments | Outcome | Incidence rate per 1000 person-years | Adjusted RR/HR/OR of South Asian versus white (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Age, yearsa | n | Age, yearsa | South Asian | White | ||||||
| Bellary et al.89 | UKADS prospective study, UK | 1486 | 57 ± 12 | 492 | 65 ± 12 | 2 | Age, sex, diabetes duration, BP, lipids, HbA1c, smoking, and medication | Composite of coronary heart disease, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease | 26.1 | 19.3 | 1.40b (0.90–2.20) |
| Khan et al.90 | Retrospective registry study between 1993–2007, Canada | 15,066 | 57 ± 12 | 244,017 | 61 ± 13 | Median 4 | Age, socioeconomic status, province, and 16 other comorbidities | MIc | 7.9 | 7.9 | 1.05 (0.92–1.19) |
| Strokec | 4.3 | 5.1 | 0.82 (0.68–0.99) | ||||||||
| Heart failurec | 4.4 | 6.4 | 0.71 (0.56–0.92) | ||||||||
| All-cause mortalityc | 20.5 | 32.6 | 0.68 (0.63–0.74) | ||||||||
| Shah et al.91 | Retrospective registry study between 2002–2009, Canada | 22,342 | 52 ± 14 | 448,255 | 58 ± 15 | Median 4.7 | Age, sex, socioeconomic status, hypertension, comorbidities, and primary care visits before diabetes diagnosis | Coronary artery disease | 13.8 | 13.7 | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) |
| Stroke | 3.2 | 3.9 | 0.82 (0.72–0.94) | ||||||||
| Lower extremity amputation | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.31 (0.19–0.49) | ||||||||
| Any CV complication | 16.8 | 17.9 | 0.95 (0.90–1.00) | ||||||||
| All-cause mortality | 12.6 | 22.2 | 0.56 (0.52–0.60) | ||||||||
| Davis et al.92 | UKPDS 83 prospective study, UK | 418 | 47 ± 8 | 3543 | 53 ± 9 | Median 18 | Age, sex, BMI, smoking status, social class, waist circumference, lipids, HbA1c and systolic blood pressure | MI | 13.2 | 16.6 | 1.11 (0.96–1.28) |
| Stroke | 3.3 | 6.0 | 0.98 (0.78–1.23) | ||||||||
| Peripheral arterial disease | 0.3 | 2.3 | 0.43 (0.23–0.82) | ||||||||
| Diabetes-related death | 7.2 | 14.8 | 0.90 (0.79–1.03) | ||||||||
| Any diabetes-related end point | 43.2 | 45.2 | 1.18 (1.07–1.29) | ||||||||
| All-cause mortality | 12.4 | 27.1 | 0.89 (0.80–0.97) | ||||||||
| Sebastianski et al.93 | Meta-analysis of seven studies, UK | 4296 | 55 ± 6 | 18,539 | 61 ± 5 | Not reported | Age and sex (but not in all included studies) | Peripheral arterial disease | 0.5 | 1.8 | 0.44 (0.30–0.63) |
| Wright et al.94 | Retrospective CPRD registry study between 1998–2015, England | 9523 | 53 ± 14 | 143,724 | 63 ± 14 | Mean 5 | Age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, and calendar year | CV mortality | 6.1 | 16.4 | 0.82 (0.75–0.89) |
| All-cause mortality | 14.7 | 45.8 | 0.70 (0.65–0.76) | ||||||||
a
Age presented as mean ± SD.
b
Fatal and non-fatal CVD events.
c
Values presented for men only.
BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval; CPRD, Clinical Practice Research Datalink; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; MI, myocardial infarction; OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk; SD, standard deviation; THIN, The Health Improvement Network; UKPDS, United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study; UK, United Kingdom; UKADS, United Kingdom Asian Diabetes Study.