Table 1.
Prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae–Associated Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Selected Studies by Country and Year
| Country | Site of Specimen Collection | Laparoscopy- Confirmed PID | Patients With Neisseria gonorrhoeae–Associated PID, No. (%) | Years of Study | Authors (Year of Publication) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LGT and UGTa | UGT Onlyb | |||||
| Denmark | LGT | No | 9/166 (5) | NA | 1979–1980 | Møller et al (1981) [76] |
| Denmark | LGT and UGT | Yes | 8/46 (17) | Unclear | Kristensen et al (1985) [64] | |
| Sweden | LGT and UGT | Yes | 5/65 (5) | 0/65 (0) | Gjønnaess et al (1982) [77] | |
| Sweden | LGT | Yes | 41/209 (20) | NA | 1979–1980 | Osser and Persson (1982) [78] |
| Finland | LGT and UGT | Yes | 18/72 (25) | 7–9/72 (10–13)c | 1983–1988 | Heinonen and Miettinen (1994) [15] |
| USA | LGT and UGT | No | 91/204 (45) | 7/54 (13) | 1972–1974 | Eschenbach et al (1975) [6] |
| USA | LGT and UGT | No | 133/197 (68) | 12/197 (6) | 1976 | Cunningham et al (1977) [7] |
| USA | LGT | No | 41/83 (49) | NA | McCormack et al (1977) [23] | |
| USA | LGT | Retrospective, unspecified | 70/114 (61) | NA | 1978–1979 | Tavelli (1986) [79] |
| USA | LGT and UGT | Yes | 11/23 (48) | 6/23 (26) | 1982–1983 | Wasserheit et al (1986) [11] |
| USA | LGT | No | 27/42 (64) | NA | Dodson and Faro (1986) [80] | |
| USA | LGT and UGT | Yes | 23–30/46 (50–65)d | 22/46 (48) | 1982–1986 | Kiviat et al (1990) [13] |
| USA | LGT | No | 69/93 (74) | NA | 1985–1988 | Golden et al (1989) [81] |
| USA | LGT and UGT | Yes | 55/82 (67) | 41/78 (53) | 1982–1988 | Eschenbach et al (1997) [17] |
| USA | LGT | Retrospective, unspecified | 24/343 (7) | NA | 2007–2010 | Burnett et al (2011) [82] |
| USA | LGT | No | 27/271 (10) | NA | 2012–2016 | Trent et al (2019) [83] |
| USA | LGT and UGT | No | 17/233 (7) | 12/233 (5) | 2010–2015 | Wiesenfeld et al (2021) [9] |
| Canada | LGT | No | 15/43 (35) | NA | 1978–1980 | Bowie and Jones (1981) [84] |
| Canada | LGT and UGT | Yes | 21/50 (42) | 9/50 (18) | 1983–1987 | Brunham et al (1988) [12] |
| Canada | LGT | No | 19/100 (19) | NA | 2004–2014 | Chen et al (2018) [73] |
| United Kingdom | LGT and UGT | Yes | 7/23 (30) | 2/23 (9) | 1984–1987 | Stacey et al (1992) [14] |
| Israel | UGT | Yes | NA | 0/40 (0) | 1987–1989 | Dan et al (1993) [55] |
| Kenya | LGT and UGT | Yes | 83/133 (62) | Unspecified | 1994–1996 | Cohen et al (1998) [85] |
| Cameroon | LGT | No | 1/70 (1) | NA | 2013–2014 | Nkwabong and Dingom (2015) [86] |
Abbreviations: LGT, lower genital tract; NA, not available; PID, pelvic inflammatory disease; UGT, upper genital tract; USA, United States of America.
aIncluding coinfections and any LGT sites (cervical, vaginal, rectal, and urinary tract).
bUGT sites included endometrium, fallopian tubes, and peritoneal fluid. Percentages represent the percentage of all PID cases.
cData were reported as numbers of patient with N. gonorrhoeae isolated from fallopian tubes or endometrium but without specifying whether any patients had N. gonorrhoeae isolated from both sites.
dAn additional 8 women had cervical N. gonorrhoeae and/or Chlamydia trachomatis infection without UGT infection, but numbers were not delineated further.