Table 2.

Cell-based biopacemaking approaches by PSC differentiation into cardiomyocytes.

PSCs	Methodology and experimental details	References
hESCs	Electrically active hESC-derived cardiomyocytes were transplanted into guinea pig hearts. Functional integration and pacing generation were achieved.	Xue et al., 2005
	Cardiomyocyte cell grafts were generated from hESC in vitro using the embryoid body differentiating system, this tissue formed structural and electromechanical connections with cultured rat cardiomyocytes. In vivo integration was shown in a large animal model of slow heart rate. The transplanted hESC-derived cardiomyocytes paced the hearts of swine with complete atrioventricular block.	Kehat et al., 2004
	hESC-derived cardiomyocytes were used to form scaffold-free patches (implanted on the epicardium) and micro-tissue particles (delivered by intramyocardial injection) into the ischemia/reperfusion injured athymic rat heart.	Gerbin et al., 2015
hiPSCs	SAN-like pacemaker cells from hiPSCs were identified as NKX2-5-negative, SIRPA-positive cardiomyocytes displaying pacemaker action potentials, ion current profiles, and chronotropic responses. When transplanted into the apex of rat hearts, SAN-like cells demonstrated pacemaking activity.	Protze et al., 2016
	hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes were integrated into the host myocardium of AVN-blocked dogs and induced a biological pacemaking activity.	Chauveau et al., 2017

PSCs, pluripotent stem cells; hESCs, human embryonic stem cells; hiPSCs, human induced pluripotent stem cells; SAN, sinoatrial node; AVN, atrioventricular node.