Table 5.

Reprogramming biopacemaking approaches.

Reprogramming approach	Methodology and experimental details	References
TBX3-induced reprogramming	TBX3 overexpression in rat cardiomyocytes in vivo induced the reduction of intercellular coupling and IK1 density, but failed to establish ectopic pacemaking and If current.	Bakker et al., 2012
TBX18-induced reprogramming	The conversion of rodent cardiomyocytes to SAN cells in vitro and in vivo by the expression of Tbx18 was performed. Focal Tbx18 gene transfer in the guinea pig ventricle induced ectopic pacemaker activity, correcting a bradycardic disease phenotype.	Kapoor et al., 2013
	TBX18 gene transfer created biological pacemaker activity in vivo in a complete heart block in pigs.	Hu et al., 2014
	TBX18 gene delivery resulted in antegrade conduction rescue in a preclinical model of right ventricular pacing-induced cardiomyopathy.	Dawkins et al., 2019

SAN, sinoatrial node.