Table 1.
Comparison of characteristics among participants in different status of frailty at baseline.
| Characteristics | Overall | Non-frailty | Pre-frailty | Frailty | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In total, No. (%) | 13,859 (100.0) | 2,715 (19.6) | 7,497 (54.1) | 3,647 (26.3) | |
| Follow-up duration, IQR, month | 55 (25,95) | 71 (42,118) | 65 (30,106) | 28 (14,54) | <0.001 |
| Mean age, years, mean (SD) | 85.8 (11.1) | 79.2 (10.0) | 84.2 (10.5) | 93.8 (8.2) | <0.001 |
| Age group, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| 65–79 years | 4,180 (30.2) | 1,475 (54.3) | 2,505 (33.4) | 200 (5.5) | |
| 80–89 years | 3,933 (28.4) | 729 (26.9) | 2,440 (32.6) | 764 (21.0) | |
| 90–99 years | 3,690 (26.6) | 408 (15.0) | 1,811 (24.2) | 1,471 (40.3) | |
| ≥100 years | 2,056 (14.8) | 103 (3.8) | 741 (9.9) | 1,212 (33.2) | |
| Gender, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Male | 6,252 (45.1) | 1,538 (56.7) | 3,593 (47.9) | 1,121 (30.7) | |
| Female | 7,607 (54.9) | 1,177 (43.4) | 3,904 (52.1) | 2,526 (69.3) | |
| Regions, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Urban | 5,648 (40.8) | 1,295 (47.7) | 2,814 (37.5) | 1,539 (42.2) | |
| Rural | 8,211 (59.2) | 1,420 (52.3) | 4,683 (62.5) | 2,108 (57.8) | |
| Education, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Illiteracy | 8,279 (59.7) | 1,110 (40.9) | 4,421 (59.0) | 2,748 (75.4) | |
| Primary school | 4,082 (29.5) | 1,081 (39.8) | 2,311 (30.8) | 690 (18.9) | |
| Middle school or above | 1,498 (10.8) | 524 (19.3) | 765 (10.2) | 209 (5.7) | |
| Household income, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 4,152 (30.0) | 632 (23.3) | 2,492 (33.2) | 1,028 (28.2) | |
| Quartile 2 | 2,980 (21.5) | 582 (21.4) | 1,576 (21.0) | 822 (22.5) | |
| Quartile 3 | 3,859 (27.8) | 834 (30.7) | 2,042 (27.2) | 983 (27.0) | |
| Quartile 4 | 2,868 (20.7) | 667 (24.6) | 1,387 (18.5) | 814 (22.3) | |
| Smoke, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 9,095 (65.7) | 1,574 (58.0) | 4,747 (63.3) | 2,774 (76.2) | |
| Past | 2,233 (16.1) | 492 (18.1) | 1,224 (16.3) | 517 (14.2) | |
| Current | 2,524 (18.2) | 649 (23.9) | 1,524 (20.3) | 351 (9.6) | |
| Drink, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 9,484 (68.5) | 1,681 (61.9) | 5,019 (67.0) | 2,784 (76.4) | |
| Past | 1,912 (13.8) | 371 (13.7) | 1,055 (14.1) | 486 (13.3) | |
| Current | 2,454 (17.7) | 662 (24.4) | 1,420 (19.0) | 372 (10.2) | |
| BMI, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Normal | 7,557 (54.5) | 2,086 (76.8) | 4,044 (54.0) | 1,427 (39.1) | |
| Underweight | 4,352 (31.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2,418 (32.3) | 1,934 (53.0) | |
| Overweight | 1,563 (11.3) | 516 (19.0) | 834 (11.1) | 213 (5.8) | |
| Obesity | 387 (2.8) | 113 (4.2) | 201 (2.7) | 73 (2.0) | |
| Limited physical performance, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 10,057 (72.6) | 2,506 (92.4) | 6,189 (82.6) | 1,362 (37.4) | |
| Yes | 3,798 (27.4) | 207 (7.6) | 1,308 (17.5) | 2,283 (62.6) | |
| Cognitive decline, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 9,464 (68.4) | 2,430 (89.5) | 5,723 (76.4) | 1,311 (36.0) | |
| Yes | 4,383 (31.7) | 284 (10.5) | 1,773 (23.7) | 2,326 (64.0) | |
| ADL, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Normal | 11,709 (84.5) | 2,653 (97.7) | 7,020 (93.6) | 2,036 (55.8) | |
| Impaired | 791 (5.7) | 42 (5.3) | 261 (3.5) | 488 (13.4) | |
| Dependency | 1,359 (9.8) | 20 (0.7) | 216 (2.9) | 1,123 (30.8) | |
| Count of comorbidity, No. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| None | 5,888 (45.6) | 1,241 (48.0) | 3,274 (46.9) | 1,373 (41.0) | |
| 1–2 comorbidities | 5,984 (46.4) | 1,165 (45.1) | 3,181 (45.6) | 1,638 (48.9) | |
| ≥3 comorbidities | 1,036 (8.0) | 178 (6.9) | 522 (7.5) | 336 (10.0) |
SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; ADL, activity of daily live.