Table 2.

Association between pre-frailty/frailty and the risk of multiple adverse outcomes.

Outcomes	Case no.	Adjusted ORa (95% CI)	P-value
Frequent hospitalization
Non-frailty	138	Ref.	Ref.
Pre-frailty	318	1.2 (1.0–1.5)	0.090
Frailty	68	1.9 (1.3–2.7)	0.001
Incident limited physical performance
Non-frailty	2,025	Ref.	Ref.
Pre-frailty	5,422	1.2 (1.1–1.4)	0.004
Frailty	1,344	5.2 (2.9–9.2)	<0.001
Incident cognitive decline
Non-frailty	402	Ref.	Ref.
Pre-frailty	1,277	1.4 (1.1–1.7)	0.003
Frailty	307	5.2 (3.0–9.0)	<0.001
Incident multimorbidityb
Non-frailty	447	Ref.	Ref.
Pre-frailty	990	1.3 (1.0–1.7)	0.050
Frailty	401	17.3 (5.3–56.1)	<0.001
Incident dependence
Non-frailty	327	Ref.	Ref.
Pre-frailty	1,142	1.4 (1.2–1.7)	0.001
Frailty	448	5.7 (3.8–8.7)	<0.001

^aAdjusted for: age, gender, education, household income, smoke status, and comorbidity count at baseline.

^bAdjusted for: age, gender, education, household income, and smoke status.

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.