Table 3.
The results of ADF unit root tests for healthcare expenditure (HCE) and GDP.
| Regions | HCE | GDP_S | GDP_L | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level | First difference | Level | First difference | Level | First difference | |
| CN | −1.609 | −3.526** | −1.955 | −8.366*** | −2.804 | −1.179* |
| NMG | −0.039 | −4.433*** | −1.401 | −8.844*** | −0.980 | −8.326*** |
| JL | −0.336 | −6.520*** | 0.695 | −8.144*** | 0.6334 | −8.135*** |
| SC | −2.361 | −3.079** | −2.300 | −8.614*** | −2.018 | −8.081*** |
| BJ | −1.609 | −4.496*** | −1.867 | −6.315*** | −2.046 | −8.128*** |
| TJ | −1.492 | −3.823*** | 0.462 | −8.239*** | 1.462 | −7.976*** |
*, **, or ***
denote that the null hypothesis is rejected at the 10, 5, or 1% significance levels; HCE, represents China's healthcare expenditure in different regions; GDP_S and GDP_L, represents China's short-term economic growth and long-term economic growth in different regions, respectively.