Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia patients and control participants
| CAP patients | Control subjects | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Size, n | 75 | 41 | |
| Demographics | |||
| Age, year, mean (SD) | 70.67 (13.31) | 69.37 (8.60) | 0.574d |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 41 (54.7) | 24 (58.5) | 0.837c |
| Ethnicity, Caucasian, n (%) | 53 (70.7) | 36 (87.8) | 0.063c |
| Body Mass Index, median [Q1, Q3] | 25.93 [23.07, 28.41] | 26.36 [24.74, 29.58] | 0.177b |
| Chronic comorbidities,n(%) | |||
| COPD | 26 (34.7) | 4 (9.8) | 0.007c |
| Cardiovascular disease | 58 (77.3) | 25 (61.0) | 0.099c |
| Diabetes | 19 (25.3) | 4 (9.8) | 0.077c |
| Malignancy | 20 (26.7) | 8 (19.5) | 0.526c |
| Chronic renal disease | 7 (9.3) | 1 (2.4) | 0.309c |
| Immunosuppressiona | 4 (5.3) | 2 (4.9) | 0.99c |
| Disease severity, median [Q1, Q3] | |||
| PSI score | 4.00 [3.00, 4.00] | – | |
| SOFA score | 0.00 [0.00, 1.00] | – | |
| Causal pathogen,n(%) | – | ||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 10 (13.33) | – | |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 7 (9.33) | – | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 4 (5.33) | – | |
| Influenza A virus | 6 (8) | – | |
| Influenza B virus | 3 (4) | – | |
| Rhinovirus | 3 (4) | – | |
| Coronavirus type NL63 | 1 (1.33) | – | |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | 2 (2.67) | – | |
| Human metapneumovirus | 2 (2.67) | – | |
| Parainfluenza virus 1–4 | 2 (2.67) | – | |
| No causative pathogen identified | 39 (52) | – | |
| Outcome | |||
| ICU admission, n (%) | 5 (6.7) | – | |
| Hospital LoS, days, median [Q1, Q3] | 5.00 [3.00, 8.75] | – | |
| Hospital mortality, n (%) | 1 (1.4) | – | |
| Day 28 mortality, n (%) | 4 (6.1) | – | |
Definition of abbreviations: CAP community-acquired pneumonia, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, PSI Pneumonia Severity Index, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, ICU intensive care unit, LoS length of stay, and SD standard deviation of the mean. a Immunosuppression was defined by the use of methotrexate or prednisone (n=2) and/or positive human immunodeficiency virus (n=5). b Mann-Whitney U test; c chi-square test with Yates’ continuity correction; d Student t test