Supplementary Table 4.
Tolosa Hunt Syndrome case reports with associated idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis
| Author (year) | Age/sex | MRI | Biopsy | HP | Additional deficits |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yu (2020)[75] | 34/male | Enhancement of CS, pituitary and its stalk, mild pressure effect on chiasma | Radiologically suggestive of HP | Hypopituitarism, DI | |
| Madhavan et al. (2020)[76] | 19/female | Abnormal enhancement involving the left cavernous sinus, Meckel’s cave, V2, V3, SOF, and temporal dura | Chronic lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory changes | Biopsy proven HP | Sequential B/L facial palsy |
| Cação et al. (2019)[77] | 52/female | Dural thickening of CS | Radiologically suggestive of HP | ||
| Zečević Penić et al. (2017)[5] | 47/male | Enhancing lesion in CS, extending to trigeminal cave and OA, dural enhancement in CS and along clivus dura | Radiologically suggestive of HP | ||
| Świątkowska-Stodulska et al. (2017)[7] | 80/female | Infiltrate involving B/L CS, SOF, and sella turcica. Mild segmental thickening of right ICA | Radiologically suggestive of HP | B/L THS | |
| Takasuna et al. (2016)[10] | 53/female | MRI - enlarged bilateral CS, hypertrophied dura around sella | Granulomatous inflammation | Biopsy proven HP | Bilateral THS with HP, anterior hypopituitarism |
| Sánchez Vallejo et al. (2014)[78] | 36/male | Enhancing soft tissue in CS extending to SOF and OA. Hyperenhanced thickened temporal dura, tentorium and orbital apex of affected side | Radiologically suggestive HP | ||
| Kodera et al. (2013)[79] | 59/male | Enhancing lesion in CS | Thickened dura with inflammatory infiltrate | Biopsy proven HP | B/L THS (sequential) |
| Slattery et al. (2013)[17] | 17/female | Enhancement of CS, Meckel’s cave and petrous apex of affected side | Radiologically suggestive of HP | ||
| Beraldin et al. (2013)[80] | 60/male | Enhancing mass in CS-suspected tumor | Nonspecific granulomatous inflammation | Biopsy proven HP | |
| Sugie et al. (2011)[81] | 54/male | Diffuse enhancement of bilateral CS with surrounding cranial base dural thickening | Radiologically suggestive HP in poorly controlled DM | B/L sequential THS | |
| Wu et al. (2011)[82] | 59/female | Bilateral CS and sellar enhancement with extension to right SOF | Radiologically suggestive HP | ||
| Kita et al. (2007)[83] | 50/female | Mass in CS with thickened sellar dura and swollen pituitary | Thickened dura with inflammatory infiltration | Biopsy-proven HP | DI |
| Kambe et al. (2006)[31] | 58/female | Enhancement of pituitary (enlarged) and bilateral CS R>L | Granulomatous inflammation | Biopsy-proven HP | B/L sequential THS |
| McKinney et al. (2006)[84] | 50/male | Prominence of CS of affected side, leptomeningeal CN enhancement (II, V1-V3, and X), orbital and infraorbital masses, diffuse dural enhancement | Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor | Biopsy proven HP | CN X |
| Muthukumar et al. (2005)[32] | 60/female | Enhancement of t temporal dura of the base with extension to CS of affected side | Fibrocollagenous tissue with inflammatory infiltrate | Biopsy proven HP | |
| del Toro et al. (2001)[40] | 10/male | Enlarged CS with enhancement (with inferior extension of dural enhancement) | Radiologically suggestive of HP | ||
| Mormont et al. (2000)[41] | 32/female | Enhancing mass lesion in CS extending to foramen ovale, Gasserian ganglion, tentorial notch and OA | Radiologically suggestive of HP | ||
| Sumida et al. (2000)[42] | 48/female | Enhanced mass extending from left CS to sellar floor dura, contralateral CS, and cerebellar tentorium | Thickened dura with abundant collagen fibers with hyalinization | Biopsy proven HP | |
| Bosch et al. (2000)[85] | 62/male | Extra-parenchymatous infiltrating lesion in MCF | HP | Biopsy proven HP | CN VII, VIII |
| Tessitore and Tessitore (2000)[59] | 54/female | No evidence of enhancing tissue in CS, only compression of cavernous ICA | Radiologically suggestive of HP | CN VII | |
| Hatano et al. (1999)[86] | 56/male | Linear enhancement of CS dura | Radiologically suggestive HP | ||
| 69/female | Nodular enhancement of CS and sella | Nonspecific inflammation with lymphocytes, plasma cells and histiocytes | Biopsy proven HP | Sequential B/L THS | |
| Takahashi et al. (1996)[61] | 46/female | Enhancement of B/L enlarged CS, pituitary, along cerebral convexity | Radiologically suggestive HP | ||
| Hama et al. (1996)[45] | 54/female | Nonhomogeneous enhancement of CS extending to intrasellar region along edge of cerebellar tentorium | Radiologically suggestive HP | Hypopituitarism | |
| Drevelengas et al. (1993)[48] | 60/male | Enlargement and enhancement of CS, and hypophysis, thickening of infundibulum, obstruction of ICA. Absent normal high intensity in posterior pituitary lobe | Chronic inflammation in the hypophysis, mucosa of the sphenoid sinus, and dura mater | Biopsy proven HP | Hypopituitarism and DI |
| Okubo K,et al.,1992[87] | 49/male | Enhancing mass in sphenoid sinus and CS, causing ICA stenosis CT-demineralisation of sellar floor and left anterior clinoid process |
Radiologically suggestive of HP | ||
| 37/male | Enhanced left cavernous sinus and adjacent thickened duramater in the middle cranial fossa | Radiologically suggestive HP | CN VII and VIII (vestibular) |
CS: Cavernous sinus, HP: Hypertrophic pachymeningitis, SOF: Superior orbital fissure, OA: Orbital apex, ICA: Internal carotid artery (cavernous), THS: Tolosa Hunt Syndrome, MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging, DI: Diabetes insipidus, CN: Cranial nerves, B/L: Bilateral, MCF: Middle cranial fossa