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. 2021 Jul 8;13(7):e2021MS002477. doi: 10.1029/2021MS002477

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© 2021. The Authors. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Geophysical Union.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Horizontal‐average forecast errors in simulations after 120 h at TCo399 (∼25 km) resolution. Truth is taken to be a simulation of integrated forecasting system using the high complexity version of the NOGWD scheme. Against this, we measure the existing NOGWD scheme, no NOGWD scheme and six variants of our neural networks (NNs) covering a range of complexities for both normalization methods. Except for the 30,000 (30k) degree of freedom MEANSD NN, each of the NNs have comparable errors to the original scheme, with several of the MEANSD schemes outperforming the original.