Table 1.
Individual Study Characteristics
| Author/Year | Condition/ Diagnosis | Sleep Co‐Morbidity Status | Country | No. Total (Female) | Mean Age (SD) | Study Type | Intervention | Treatment Dosage/ Duration | Control | Validated Outcome Measure | Sleep Parameters Evaluated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cassidy‐Eagle et al. (2018a) and Cassidy‐Eagle et al. (2018b)a | MCI | Insomnia (DSM IV Criteria) | United States | 27 (‐) | 89.4 | Randomised Controlled Trial | Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ‐ Insomnia | Six 1‐hr sessions | Active control class |
Wrist Actigraphy ISI |
TST, SE, WASO, SL ISI Total |
| Cooke et al. (2006) | Mild to Moderate AD | Sleep/ OSA Co‐Morbidities Excluded | United States | 76 (25) |
IG1 77.8 (7.4) IG2 77.6 (11.5) IG3 79.8 (8.3) CG 78.3 (6.2) |
Prospective Study |
Donepezil Galantamine Rivastigmine |
On stable dose of AChE Inhibitor for 2 months | Non Medication Arm | Polysomnography | TST, SE, WASO, SP, %REM, %N1, %N2, %N3/N4, TIB, PLMI, AI, AH |
| Cooke, et al. (2009)) |
Mild to Moderate AD with OSA |
OSA only | United States | 52 (13) | 77.8 (7.3) | Randomised Controlled Trial | CPAP |
Therapeutic CPAP for 3 weeks in intervention arm Therapeutic CPAP for 3 weeks in both arms |
Placebo CPAP | Polysomnography | TST, SE, WASO, SL, SP, %REM, %N1, %N2, %N3/N4, TIB, AI |
| Cooke, et al. (2009)) | Mild AD with OSA | OSA only | United States | 10 (3) | 75.7 (5.9) | Prospective Study | CPAP | Continued use’ over approximately 3 years | Non Intervention Arm |
PSQI ESS FOSQ |
PSQI Total ESS Total FOSQ Total |
| Cruz‐Aguilar et al. (2018) and Cruz‐Aguilar et al. (2020)b | Mild to Moderate AD | ‘Alteration to Sleep Pattern’ determined clinically | Mexico | 8 (‐) | 65.6 (2.9) | Single Blind Placebo Controlled Crossover Study | Melatonin | 5 mg nocte for 1 day | Placebo crossover for 1 day | Polysomnography | SL, NREM SL, NREM Relative Power, NREM EEG Coherence |
| Fultz et al. (2019) | Mild to Moderate AD | Insomnia (DSM V Criteria) | United States | 285 (186) |
IG 69.6 (8.7) CG 69.1 (8.5) |
Randomised Controlled Trial | Suvorexant | 28 day total period. 10 mg nocte for 14 days escalated to 20 mg nocte if insufficient response | Placebo Arm | Polysomnography | TST, SE, WASO, SL, %REM, %N1, %N2, %N3/N4, AI, REM SL |
| Jean‐Louis et al., 1998 |
MCI and Mild AD |
Self reported sleep‐wake disturbance | United States | 10 (6) | 68.8 | Double‐Blind Crossover Trial | Melatonin | 6 mg nocte for 10 days | Placebo Arm | Wrist Actigraphy | TST, SE, WASO, SL, Transition, TWT |
| Kouzuki et al. (2020) | MCI and Mild AD | Mixed Population ± Sleep Disorder | Japan | 35 (18) |
IG1 76 IG2 78 IG3 82 |
Randomised Controlled Trial | Aromatherapy (Aroma Oil as Bath Salt) | 3 armed trial with 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% strengths | Multiple Treatment Arms | PSQI ‐J | PSQI TST, SE, SL, Total, Daytime Dysfunction, Sleep Disturbances, Subjective Sleep Quality |
| Ladenbauer et al. (2017) | MCI | Participants with significantly reduced SWS excluded | Germany | 16 (7) | 71 (9) | Randomised Crossover Trial | Transcranial Stimulation | Anodal current applied via electrodes at frontal locations F3 and F4, oscillated sinusoidally at 0.75 Hz [0–265 µA) | Sham Stimulation | Polysomnography | TST, WASO, %REM, %N1, %N2, %N3/N4, EEG Slow Oscillation and Spindle Characteristics, Spectral Power |
| Markowitz et al. (2003) | Mild to Moderate AD | Mixed Population ± Sleep Disorder |
Canada New Zealand South Africa UK USA Belgium |
261 (157) |
IG 75.3 (7.5) CG 74.6 (7.6) |
Randomised Controlled Trial | Galantamine | 12 mg bd | Placebo Arm | PSQI | PSQI TST, SE, SL, Total, Daytime Dysfunction, Sleep Disturbances, Subjective Sleep Quality |
| Moraes et al. (2006) | Mild to Moderate AD | Moderate/ Severe Sleep Disorders excluded | Brazil | 35 (24) |
IG 77.4 (6.6) CG 74.5 (9.8) |
Randomised Controlled Trial | Donepezil | 5 mg od for 1 month increasing to 10 mg od | Placebo Arm |
Polysomnography EEG Spectral Analysis |
TST, SE, SL, %REM, %N1, %N2, %N3/N4, PLMI, AH, REM Characteristics |
| Naharci et al., (2015) | AD and Mixed Dementia | Mixed Population ± Sleep Disorder | Turkey | 78 (47) |
IG1 81.5 (6.9) IG2 80.9 (7.4) IG3 79.1 (7.7) CG 77.4 (66.3) |
Prospective Study |
Donepezil Galantamine Rivastigmine |
5−10 cm2 od 5−10 mg od 8, 16, 24 mg od |
Healthy Population | PSQI | PSQI Total |
| Naismith et al. (2018) | MCI | Primary Sleep Disorder excluded | Australia | 35 (19) |
IG1 69.4 (9.5) CG 70.0 (8.8) |
Randomised Controlled Trial | “Sleep Well, Think Well” Group Program | 8 week group program (Four 1 hr face to face sessions and four telephone session) | Non‐directive Control Group |
PSQI ESS Wrist Actigraphy |
TST, SE, WASO PSQI Total ESS Total |
| Papalambros et al. (2019) | MCI | Circadian Rhythm Disorders/ OSA excluded | United States | 9 (5) | 72 | Randomised Crossover Trial | Phase Locked Loop Acoustic Stimulation | Parameters for stimulation as per previous established algorithm (Santostasi et al., 2016) | Sham Stimulation | Polysomnography | TST, SE, WASO, SL, %REM, %N1, %N2, %N3/N4, AI, Spindle Characteristics |
| Petit et al. (1993) | Mild to Moderate AD | Mixed Population ± Sleep Disorder | Canada | 8 (3) | 61.9 | Double‐Blind Crossover Trial | Tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) |
50 mg od for 1 week 75−100 mg od for subsequent week |
Placebo Period | Polysomnography | SE, SL, %REM, %N1, %N2, %N3/N4, REM Characteristics |
| Wang et al, (2020) | MCI | Mixed Population ± Sleep Disorder | China | 111 (68) |
IG 68.4 (5.3) CG 68.2 (5.1) |
Randomised Controlled Trial | Structured Limbs Exercise Program | Three 60 min exercise sessions per week for 12 weeks. Two Health Promotion Classes over 12 weeks | Health Promotion Classes only | PSQI | PSQI Total |
Abbreviations: AH, Apnoea Hypopnoea Index; AI, Arousal Index; CG, Control Group; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; FOSQ, Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire; IG, Intervention Group; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; NINCDS‐ADRDA ‐ National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association; OSA, Obstructive Sleep Apnoea; PLMI, Periodic Limb Movement Index; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; REM, Rapid Eye Movement; SE, Sleep Efficiency; SL, Sleep Latency; TIB, Time in Bed; TST, Total Sleep Time; TWT, Total Wake Time; WASO, Wake After Sleep Onset.
2 separate papers written by Cassidy‐Eagle reporting data from the same study. Analysis was focussed on paper reporting sleep outcome measures in more detail to avoid over‐representation of data. Quality appraisal and risk of bias assessment identical due to same study design.
2 separate papers written by Cruz‐Aguilar reporting data from the same study. Analysis focussed on combined findings. Quality appraisal and risk of bias assessment identical due to same study design.