TABLE 2.
Sample descriptives
| Control Participants | Patients (CBZRA‐) | Patients (CBZRA+) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 76 | 31 | 19 |
| Gender [F:M] | 35:41 | 19:12 | 9:10 |
| Mean age (SD) | 55.6 (12.7) | 52.8 (12.0) | 56.5 (11.4) |
| Mean annual distance (SD) [km] | 13,499(9276) | 12,798 (8886) | 15,553 (24,189) |
| BDI (SD) a | 2.51 (2.69) | 12.39 (10.49) | 8.89 (6.54) |
| STAI‐T (SD) b | 27.33 (5.65) | 43.23 (11.59) | 40.89 (12.55) |
| PSQI (SD) c | 2.86 (2.33) | 8.9 (4.87) | 8.47 (5.35) |
| GSQS (SD) d | 1.54 (2.05) | 5.19 (4.39) | 4.84 (4.44) |
| Median alcoholic beverages per week (IQR) | 4.5 (8.5) | 2 (7) | 4 (6) |
| Mean equivalent BZRA plasma concentration (SD) [ng/ml] e | ‐ | 46.9 (57.3) | 257.2 (574.1) |
| Mean equivalent BZRA steady state plasma concentration (SD) [ng/ml] f | ‐ | 46.7 (49.7) | 245 (529.5) |
| Duration of use [years] | ‐ | 8.6 (8.4) | 6.9 (7.0) |
| CNS co‐medications g : | ‐ | 23 (75%) | 14 (74%) |
| Tri‐ and tetracyclic antidepressants h | ‐ | 3 (10%) | 3 (16%) |
| Selective serotonin/Serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors i | ‐ | 13 (42%) | 9 (47%) |
| Antipsychotics j | ‐ | 5 (16%) | 1 (5%) |
| Opioids k | ‐ | 4 (13%) | 1 (5%) |
| Lamotrigine | ‐ | 1 (3%) | ‐ |
| Lithium | ‐ | 2 (6%) | 1 (5%) |
| Paracetamol | ‐ | 3 (10%) | 4 (21%) |
| Pramipexole | ‐ | 1 (3%) | ‐ |
| Pregabaline | ‐ | 1 (3%) | ‐ |
| Tranylcypromine | ‐ | 1 (3%) | ‐ |
| Trazodone | ‐ | 1 (3%) | ‐ |
Beck's depression inventory.
State‐trait anxiety inventory–trait.
Pittsburgh sleep quality index.
Groningen sleep quality scale.
Mean estimated equivalent diazepam plasma concentration at start of test day.
Mean estimated equivalent diazepam average steady state plasma concentration.
Number of participants that used at least one other central nervous system medication (classified as N‐class by the anatomical, therapeutic, and chemical (ATC) classification system) daily or multiple times per week.
amitriptyline (n = 2), clomipramine (n = 1), mirtazapine (n = 2) and nortriptyline (n = 1).
Citalopram (n = 8), duloxetine (n = 2), escitalopram (n = 3), fluoxetine (n = 3), paroxetine (n = 4), sertraline (n = 1), and venlafaxine (n = 1).
Olanzapine (n = 1), quetiapine (n = 7), risperidone (n = 1).
Codeine (n = 2), oxycodone (n = 2), and tramadol (n = 1).