Figure 2.

Pathways involving in stretch-induced myotube anabolism as well as their potential cross-talk. There were several pathways being proposed so far that mediate protein synthesis and myotube growth in stretching environment. Basically, stretching stimulated these pathways by distortion of myotube membrane, leading to activation of some membrane-residing proteins. Signaling molecules such as tyrosine kinases or phosphatase were involved in downward transmission, causing phosphorylation, or dephosphorylation of effector proteins (ERK, AKT, mTOR, p70S6K), and finally regulated the anabolism of myotubes.