Table 2.
Selected in vivo studies examining the effects of lidocaine treatment on cancer progression, metastasis or survival.
| First Author | Year | Cancer | Study Type | Anti-neoplastic Lidocaine Effects Detected | Proposed Mechanism(s) Involved |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chamaraux-Tran (84) | 2018 | Breast | In vitro & in vivo (mouse) | Inhibition of cancer cell migration and viability; improved survival of mice with peritoneal carcinomatosis | Not assessed |
| Yang (85) | 2018 | Bladder | in vitro & in vivo (mouse) | Inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro; in vivo intravesical lidocaine and mitomycin C combined prolonged survival and reduced bladder weight | Not assessed |
| Wall (86) | 2019 | Breast | In vivo (mouse) | Reduced post-surgical pulmonary metastasis count | Reduced MMP-2 expression |
| Johnson (87) | 2018 | Breast | In vivo (mouse) | Reduced post-surgical pulmonary metastasis count | Reduced pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic cytokine expression |
| Freeman (88) | 2018 | Breast | In vivo (mouse) | Decreased post-surgical pulmonary metastasis count when combined with cisplatin | No attributable change in cytokine expression detected |
| Freeman (89) | 2018 | Breast | In vivo (mouse) | Reduced post-surgical pulmonary metastasis count | No attributable change in cytokine expression detected |
| Chen (90) | 2019 | Melanoma | In vitro & in vivo (mouse) | Reduced cancer cell proliferation in vitro; in vivo lidocaine reduced tumour volume and weight | Cell cycle arrest in G1 phase, inhibited Ki-67 expression, inhibited ERK phosphorylation |
| Gao (91) | 2019 | Melanoma (in vivo) | In vitro (HUVEC) & in vivo (mouse) | In vitro lidocaine inhibited angiogenesis, in vivo lidocaine inhibited tumour angiogenesis and reduced tumour growth (mouse melanoma model) | Suppression of VEGF-activated phosphorylation of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), PLCγ-PKC-MAPK and FAK-paxillin |
| Xia (92) | 2019 | Retino-blastoma | In vitro & in vivo (mouse) | In vitro lidocaine inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis; in vivo lidocaine reduces volume and weight of tumours | Increased expression of miR-520a-3p, decreased expression of EGFR |
| Xing (93) | 2017 | HCC | In vitro & in vivo (mouse) | Lidocaine inhibited HCC cell viability at higher concentrations (>0.5mM), apoptosis increased, cell arrest in G0/G1 phase; in vitro lidocaine inhibited tumour growth | Activation of caspase 3, decreased Bcl-2 and Bax expression, inactivation of ERK1/2 and p38 pathways |