Table 5.

Factors associated with the components in the five practice principles of pharmaceutical care (N = 409)^a

Practices	Factors	Characteristics	Frequency (%)	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	p-value	Hosmer-Lemeshow Goodness of Fit test
						Chi-square	p-value
Interview patient or caretaker	DMTAC	Yes	18 (75.0)	As reference	0.044*	3.781	0.706
		No	334 (86.8)	3.192 (1.033, 9.863)
Can access information from patient's other health care providers	Ethnic	Malay	17 (20.2)	As reference	0.026*	4.405	0.732
		Chinese	102 (33.0)	1.958 (1.085, 3.531)
Seek to identify, minimise and prevent medical related problems	Ethnic	Malay	54 (64.3)	As reference	0.002**	1.735	0.884
		Chinese	250 (80.9)	2.370 (1.371, 4.096)
Recommend changes of medicine when necessary	Ethnic	Malay	10 (11.9)	As reference	-	4.568	0.803
		Chinese	83 (26.9)	2.721 (1.292, 5.732)	0.008**
		Indian	5 (31.3)	4.253 (1.176, 15.389)	0.027*
	Employment	Self-employed	58 (32.2)	2.138 (1.312, 3.483)	0.002**
		Full-time employee	40 (17.5)	As reference
Advise patient on medicines budget	Ethnic	Malay	44 (52.4)	As reference	0.004**	5.999	0.306
		Chinese	217 (70.2)	2.109 (1.274, 3.491)
Monitor patient's condition with regular follow up	Age	Below 40	112 (49.6)	1.670 (1.097, 2.542)	0.017*	3.759	0.807
		40 and above	67 (36.6)	As reference
	Ethnic	Malay	27 (32.1)	As reference	0.032*
		Chinese	145 (46.9)	1.774 (1.050, 2.995)
Contact patient's other health care providers	Employment	Self-employed	25 (13.9)	2.305 (1.152, 4.613)	0.018*	2.234	0.897
		Full-time employee	15 (6.6)	As reference

^a Eleven respondents from other ethnic groups were excluded from analysis due to insufficient number for statistical comparison

* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01

DMTAC Diabetes medicine therapy adherence clinic