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. 2021 Aug 16;21:1553. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11584-0

Table 2.

Intervention Characteristics

Author, Year Setting Intervention Comparison Interventionist Duration/
Data Collection
Time Points
Theoretical Framework/
Model
CBPR Approach Recruitment Strategies Culturally Adapted Strategies Incentives
Hess, 2007 [21] Barbershop

Staff delivered intervention- Physician referral for follow up with BP report card for ongoing feedback

Role model stories depicting successful risk reduction strategies adopted by hypertensive African American men

Both groups received written results of the 3 BP screenings and standard recommendations for interval medical follow-up Researcher/Research Staff

8 months/

Baseline and post-intervention

Social Cognitive Theory Not reported Not reported Intervention delivered by African American research assistants and medical/premedical students supervised by an African American nurse

Barbers

Customers

Hess, 2007 [21] Barbershop Barbers delivered the intervention- Blood Pressure report cards to be signed by provider and returned to barber American Heart Association brochures titled High BP in African Americans Barbers

14 months/

Post-intervention

Social Cognitive Theory Not reported Not reported Not reported

Barbers

Customers

Wilson, 2008 [27] Hair Salon

Intervention designed to promote stylist’s skills and motivation to provide correct and consistent breast health info to female clients on an ongoing basis.

Breast health recommendations included monthly breast self-exams, annual clinical breast exams, and routine mammography for women 40 + .

Stylists to promote client skills, self-efficacy, and motivation for engaging in breast health behaviors

Written materials for clients on where to get services for breast cancer detection and treatment

No-treatment control Hair Stylists

3 months/

Baseline and 1–3 post-intervention

Social Cognitive Theory Yes

List of salons from targeted neighborhoods generated via phone book listings and internet by zip codes.

Randomly selected salons and contacted owners to assess willingness to participate in study.

No description Hair Stylists
Holt, 2010 [51] Barbershop

Health messages about CaP and CRC delivered by barbers to clients.

Barbers help with strategies for informed decision making about screening supported by posters, print materials, and videos

Not reported Barbers

3 months/

Baseline and post-intervention

Not reported Yes Barbershops recruited and trained by the community partnership Community advisory panel developed intervention and recruited barbers Customers
Johnson, 2010 [20] Hair Salon

3 scripted motivational sessions during clients’ service appointments encouraging them to adopt healthy behaviors- 1) Role modeling 2) Motivation 3) Check-in and recognition

Information packets- 4 pages of info on fruit/vegetable consumption, PA, and water consumption reviewed by dieticians

Starter kits- Samples of fruits/vegetables and a bottle of water given at sessions 1 and 3

No treatment control at second salon Hair Stylists

6 weeks/

Post-intervention

Not reported Not reported Stylists were screened to assess value of evidence-based health and any changes to the stylist’s personal health in the last 12 months.

Broad overall health changes instead of specific numerical goals with focus on efficacy.

Materials reviewed by African American women before study

Not reported
Luque, 2011 [53] Barbershop

CaP education materials developed by research team (brochure/poster, video, and Flipchart) tailored for African American men adapted from early detection/screening to informed decision-making for PCS guidelines.

Plastic prostate model, barber talking points card, and community resources list

Not applicable Barbers

one session during client visit to barbershop/

post-intervention

Not reported Yes

Community health agency helped identify 2 barbershops. Snowball strategy from initial 2 barbershops resulting in 2 more barbershops.

Clients- convenience sample of barbershops

Education materials tailored for African American men via learner verification and then piloted with African American men. Not reported
Sadler, 2011 [29] Hair Salon

Cosmetologists were to engage clients in conversation about adhering to BC screening guidelines for them, family, and friends, and importance of early detection (CBE and mammography) and treatment.

A series of eight laminated “Mirror Challenges” were sequentially posted in a corner of the cosmetologists’ mirror.

Relevant articles from lay newspapers and magazines trusted by the African American community were laminated and given to cosmetologists. A 3-ring binder of info was used as well.

A soft plastic BC model to show how a BC lump felt and string of clay beads to depict various sizes of BC lumps given.

BC posters with images of African American women throughout salon.

Diabetes education intervention identical to BC intervention in all ways but content Hair Stylists

6 months/

baseline and 6 months

Health Belief Model Yes

African American church members helped recruit cosmetologists and facilitate meeting with study leader.

Clients recruited via African American research assistant or stylists.

Ancestral storytelling

Hair Stylists

Customers

Victor, 2011 [49, 56] Barbershop

Barbers offered repeated BP checks during haircuts, gave repeated personalized sex-specific health messages to promote physician follow up

Posters with barbershop patrons modeling HTN treatment behaviors and testimonials Patrons with elevated BP recommended to follow up with a physician (or study nurse)

Patrons with elevated BP received referral cards to give physicians for feedback and to document patron-physician interaction

Standard HTN education pamphlets from the AHA written for a broad audience of black men and women Barbers

10 months/

Baseline and 10 months

Adapted from the AIDS Community Demonstration Projects that mobilized community peers to deliver intervention messages (specific action items) with role model stories and made medical equipment available in the daily environment Not-reported

Barbershops selected to represent 4 geographic areas

> 95% black male clientele

> 10 years in business

> 3 barbers

Not-reported

Barbers

Customers

Odedina, 2014 [52] Barbershop

A prostate cancer education video “Working through Outreach to Reduce Disparity (W.O.R.D.) on Prostate Cancer” Focuses on explaining the risk factors for CaP, how to reduce the risk for CaP, and informed decision making about CaP screening.

Barbershop conversation teaches main character importance of CaP prevention (CaP survivor shares his story). As a result, he decides to follow up with doctor.

Not applicable African American actors portraying barbers, clients, ministers, and doctors

25 min/

Baseline and post-intervention

Personal Integrative Model of Prostate Cancer Disparity (PIPCaD) model

Health Communication Process Model

Not reported Not applicable

Using African American actors to model desired behaviors for target population (African American men)

Video setting in a barbershop

Customers
Sadler, 2014 [30] Hair Salon

Diabetes education intervention to increase diabetes knowledge, change diabetes attitudes, and increase diabetes screening behaviors among African American women.

Article references Sadler 2011 with details of BC intervention that is comparable to diabetes intervention with only difference being content.

BC education intervention identical to diabetes intervention in all ways but content Hair Stylists

6 months/

baseline and 6 months

Health Belief Model Not reported

African American church members helped recruit cosmetologists and facilitate meeting with study leader.

Clients recruited via African American research assistant or stylists.

Ancestral storytelling Hair stylists
Frencher, 2016 [50] Barbershop

2 Decision Support Instruments in DVD format: VCU- culturally tailored to African American men FIMDM- general audience

Both present treatment options for CaP

DSI DVD designed for general audience Researcher/Research Staff

One-time intervention, 30 min/

3 months post-intervention

Not reported Yes

Recruited from Black Barbershop Health Outreach Program (BBHOP) and other non-BBHOP barbershops.

Recruitment was scripted and letters of support and consent for research were obtained from owners.

VCU’s DSI DVD tailored to African American men using focus group data from African American men to develop the decision tool.

The cast in the video are mostly African American

Barbers

Customers

Cole, 2017 [55] Barbershop

3 arms (PN, MINT, PLUS); cross randomized

PN: Patient navigation for CRC screening. 2+ phone calls: 1) education 2) screening readiness assessment & barriers. PN encourage colonoscopy appt. Within 2 weeks. Or FIT if preferred.

MINT: motivational interviewing and goal setting, 4 sessions

PLUS: PN + MINT

All: Printed education materials from American Cancer Society and NHLBI

CHWs/Trained Counselors

6 months/

2 weeks and 6 months

Not reported Not reported

Barbershops were identified by study staff from densely populated African American neighborhoods.

Participants (customers and local residents) recruited during screening event at barbershop.

Not reported Not reported
Victor, 2018 [44] Barbershop

Barbers measured BP and encouraged follow up with pharmacist

Pharmacists met regularly with participants in barbershops, prescribed meds, measured BP, encouraged lifestyle changes, and monitored plasma electrolyte levels

Pharmacists followed up with participants’ physician (via progress notes)

Pharmacists interviewed participants to generate peer-experience stories (posted on shop walls), reviewed blood-pressure trends, and gave participants $25 per pharmacist visit to offset the costs of generic drugs and transportation to pharmacies.

2 BP screening results with follow up recommendations and identification cards, follow up calls at 3mos, culturally specific health sessions, and vouchers for haircuts

Active control approach (in which barbers encouraged lifestyle modification and doctor appointment) Medical Professionals-Pharmacists

6 months/

Baseline and 6 months

Peer learning Not reported Not reported No description Customers
Victor, 2019 [45] Barbershop

Barbers measured BP and encouraged follow up with pharmacist

Pharmacists met regularly with participants in barbershops, prescribed meds, measured BP, encouraged lifestyle changes, and monitored plasma electrolyte levels

Pharmacists followed up with participants’ physician (via progress notes)

Pharmacists interviewed participants to generate peer-experience stories (posted on shop walls), reviewed BP trends, and gave participants $25 per pharmacist visit to offset the costs of generic drugs and transportation to pharmacies.

2 BP screening results with follow up recommendations and identification cards, follow up calls at 3mos and 9mos, culturally specific health sessions, and vouchers for haircuts

Instruction about BP and lifestyle modification Medical professionals-Pharmacists

12 months/

baseline, 6 months, and 12 months

Not reported Not reported Not reported No description Customers

BP Blood Pressure, CaP Prostate Cancer, CRC Colorectal Cancer, PA Physical Activity, PCS Prostate Cancer Screening, BC Breast Cancer, CBE Clinical Breast Examination, AHA American Heart Association, HTN Hypertension, VCU Virginia Commonwealth University, DSI Decision Support Instrument, FIMDM Informed Medical Decisions Foundation, CHW Community Health Worker