Table 4.

Outcomes

Author, Year	Setting	Primary Outcomes	Primary Results	Secondary Outcomes	Secondary Results (Significant)	Feasibility Outcomes	Feasibility Results
Hess, 2007 [21]	Barbershop	Change in BP Changes in HTN Treatment rate (percentage of hypertensive subjects receiving prescription BP medication) HTN control rate	I: BP fell 16 +/− 3/9 +/− 2 mmHg (systolic: 149.1 +/−  2.2 to 133.4 +/−  2.2 mmHg; diastolic: 87.4 +/−  2.6to 78.82.6 mmHg) C: Unchanged (systolic: 146.4 +/−  2.4 to 146.7 +/−  2.4 mmHg; diastolic: 87.9 +/−  2.2 to 88.0 +/−  2.2 mmHg) Intervention effectremained significant (P < 0.0001) after adjustment for age and body mass index I: HTN treatment increased from 47 to 92% (P < 0.001) C: Unchanged I: HTN control increased from 19 to 58% (P < 0.001) C: Unchanged			Implementation	high percentage of haircuts accompanied by a BP recording, as well as BP readings interpreted correctly.
Hess, 2007 [21]	Barbershop	Proportion of haircuts in which the barber recorded a BP	81% haircuts barber recorded a BP	HTN control rate	HTN control rate increased progressively with increasing levels of intervention exposure: 20+/− 10.7% to 51+/− 9% (p = 0.01) Association between intervention exposure and HTN control remained significant after controlling for insurance status (p = 0.01)	Implementation	high percentage of haircuts accompanied by a BP recording BP readings interpreted correctly. Barbers correctly staged 92% of BPs
Wilson, 2008 [27]	Hair Salon	Self-breast exam (BSE) completion Clinical breast exam (CBE) completion CBE intention (12 months) Mammogram completion Mammogram intention (12 months)	BSE completion: AOR 1.60 (95% CI: 1.2–2.13) CBE completion: AOR 1.20 (95% CI: 0.94–1.52) CBE intention: AOR 1.87 (95% CI: 1.11–3.13) Mammogram completion: AOR 1.21 (95% CI: 0.84–1.76) Mammogram intention: AOR 1.34 (95% CI: 0.9–1.2)			Implementation- degree of execution	37% intervention vs. 10% control reported exposure to breast health messages
Holt, 2010 [51]	Barbershop	CaP screening/intent to screen (PSA/DRE) CRC screening/intent to screen (FOBT/FS/CS)	Possible increases in self-reported PSA test and prep for PSA and DRE. I: constantly greater increase in awareness, screening, and prep for FS	CaP knowledge CRC knowledge CRC screening perceived barriers and benefits	Results not significant	Not reported	Not reported
Johnson, 2010 [20]	Hair Salon	Increase in fruit and vegetable consumption Increase in physical activity Increase in water consumption	Fruit and vegetable intake increased from pre-posttest for the treatment group No increase in physical activity No increase in water consumption			Not reported	Not reported
Luque, 2011 [53]	Barbershop	Likelihood of discussing CaP with healthcare provider (4-point Likert scale (very unlikely to very likely)) CaP knowledge (5 pt. Likert scale (low to high))	Somewhat likely to very likely Increased from 75 to 85% p < .001 78% reported increase in knowledge	Feelings of worry about CaP (4 pt. Likert not worried to very worried) Projected PCS modality intention (PSA, DRE, or both)	Somewhat worried to very worried increased from 35 to 45%. p < .001 85%- Both (PSA & DRE)	Satisfaction with the intervention Intention to continue the intervention Expansion and implementation	Participants reported that the materials were easy to understand, had an attractive color scheme, and featured familiar faces printed on the materials. All barbershop clients surveyed reported positively on the contents of the brochure and poster 53% had discussed CaP at least two times with their barber in the last month
Sadler, 2011 [29]	Hair Salon	Adherence to Mammography screening guidelines	ITT between groups at follow up not significant ITT for mammography completers in both groups significantly (p < .05) higher at follow up. Adjusting for age (40+) as covariate yielded adherence to screening OR 2.0 (95% CI: 1.03–3.85) times higher for I vs C	Clinical breast exam adherence Participants’ awareness and perceptions of their vulnerability for breast cancer	ITT for perception of seriousness of BC as health threat reduced significantly (p < .05) in both groups, but greater reduction in diabetes arm. OR of listing BC as threat 1.8 times higher in BC arm (95% CI: 1.0–3.1).	Practicality Implementation- degree of execution	57% of the women reported that health education materials were displayed in their salon 57% participants reported that the cosmetologists in their salon were offering health information to their clients 80% of the women felt cosmetologists could effectively carry out intervention
Victor, 2011 [49, 56]	Barbershop	Change in HTN control rates (BP measurements and prescription labels) Patron-physician follow up interaction (signed referral card)	Greater HTN control in I vs C Intervention effect: Absolute group difference- 8.8% (95% CI: 0.8–16.9; Unadjusted: p = .04 Adjusted p = .03) Intervention effect: ITT- 7.8% (95% CI: 0.4–15.3; p = .04)	Barbershop-level changes in HTN treatment rates HTN awareness BP levels	Results not significant	Satisfaction with the intervention Intention to continue the intervention Practicality Implementation and Penetration	83% patrons heard a model story during every one or half their haircuts from barber 77% patrons received BP measurement from barber 51% patrons with elevated BP received counseling/physician referral from barber 98% patrons and all 29 barbers would like the intervention to continue Cost analysis- Cost effectiveness- cost-neutral for health care system would be $50/patron
Odedina, 2014 [52]	Barbershop	CaP screening CaP knowledge Decisional conflict	CaP Screening intention: 12.78 (2.48) to 13.37 (2.13) p = .0001 CaP knowledge: 63.60 (22.20) to 74.00 (16.80) p = 0.0021	Intervention effects	Completion of PN Intervention was significantly associated with study completion and CRC screening	Satisfaction with the intervention Limited Efficacy	> 90% of the participants indicated that they were satisfied with the video The mean satisfaction rating was 13.67 on a scale ranging from 3 to 15, indicating a highly satisfactory rating for the video > 75% of the participants indicated that the video: 1) was useful, 2) was understood, 3) not embarrassing, 4) was not too long, 5) not difficult, 6) was relevant, 7) got their attention, 8) has potential to increase CaP knowledge for African American men, and 9) was credible
Sadler, 2014 [30]	Hair Salon	Self-reported diabetes screening test in the past year, annual physical exam, and annual eye exam	There were no significant differences in rates of diabetes screening, routine annual screening, and eye exams from baseline to follow-up and between the two arms at follow-up	Knowledge and attitudes about diabetes	Both groups increased significantly from baseline in their overall diabetes knowledge: diabetes arm (M = 4.47; SD = 1.67) and breast cancer arm (M = 4.61; SD = 1.54), P < 0.05	Practicality Limited Efficacy Implementation- degree of execution	75% reported attending salon where health education was being offered. 65% reported cosmetologist made health info available 41% shared info w with family and friends 92% feel cosmetologist could effectively deliver diabetes information
Frencher, 2016 [50]	Barbershop	CaP screening via PSA test	n = 58 completed PSA testing (48%)	CaP knowledge and intention	Changes in knowledge and intention- all significant Intention to screen- increased from 57 to 73% Overall- no between group differences	Not reported	Not reported
Cole, 2017 [55]	Barbershop	CRC screening completion (self-report)	ITT; Mixed-effects regression analysis PN: 17.5% completion; MINT: 8.4%; PLUS: 17.8% PN: AOR = 2.28; 95% CI = 1.38, 4.34; PLUS: AOR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.38, 4.34 2xs more likely for CRC screening completion (PN and PLUS) intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.039			Not reported	Not reported
Victor, 2018 [44]	Barbershop	Changes/reduction in systolic blood pressure	I: 27.0 mmHg reduction in SBP C: 9.3 mmHg Mean reduction in SBP 21.6 mmHg > for I than C (95% CI: 14.7, 28.4); p < .001 ITT Intervention effect: 21.0 mmHg > for I than C (95% CI: 14.0, 28.0); p < .001	Changes in DBP Rates of meeting BP goals Numbers of hypertensive meds Adverse drug reactions Self-rated health Patient engagement	Mean reduction in DBP 14.9 mmHg > in I vs C (95% CI, 10.3 to 19.6; P < 0.001) I: higher % of meeting BP goals I: Increases in use of antihypertensive meds: 55–100%; C: 53–63% (p < .001)	Limited Efficacy Implementation- degree of execution	7 in-person pharmacist visits and 4 follow up calls per participant 6 calls/messages to pharmacist per participant 4 BP Checks per participant by barber 4 health lessons per participant by barber
Victor, 2019 [45]	Barbershop	Change in SBP	I: mean reduction = 28.6 mmHg C: mean reduction = 7.2 mmHg Mean SBP reduction 20.8 mmHg > I vs C (95% CI: 13.9, 27.7; p < 0.0001) ITT intervention effect: 20.6 mmHg reduction (95% CI: 13.8, 27.3; p < 0.0001)	Changes in DBP Rates of meeting BP goals Numbers of hypertensive meds Adverse drug reactions Self-rated health Patient engagement	Mean DBP reduction 14.5 mmHg > I vs C (95% CI, 9.5–19.5 mmHg; P < 0.0001) I: higher % of meeting BP goals (68% vs 11%; p = 0.0177) I: Increase in use of antihypertensive meds: 57 to 100% C: 53 to 65% No treatment-related adverse events/deaths I: Greater increase in self-rated health and patient engagement scores	Limited Efficacy Implementation- degree of execution	11 in-person pharmacist visits (0-6 months = 4;7-12 months = 4) 4 BP checks per participant by barber 4 health lessons per participant by barber

BP Blood Pressure, SBP Systolic Blood Pressure, DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure, I Intervention, C Control, CaP Prostate Cancer, CRC Colorectal Cancer, PA Physical Activity, PCS Prostate Cancer Screening, PSA Prostate Specific Antigen, DRE Digital Rectal Examination, FOBT Fecal Occult Blood Test, FS Flexible Sigmoidoscopy, CS Colonoscopy, BC Breast Cancer, CBE Clinical Breast Examination, BSE Breast Self-Examination, HTN Hypertension, ITT Intention to Treat