Table 1.

Functions of non-structural proteins (NSP1-16).

Nonstructural Proteins	Function	Reference
NSP1	Innate immune response blockage by promotion of mRNA degradation	[[24], [25], [26], [27]]
NSP2	Unknown function, binds to prohibiting proteins	[28,29]
NSP3	Papain lyase, cytokine expression promotion, blocking host innate immune response, activity of ADRP	[[30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35]]
NSP4	Potential transmembrane scaffold protein, maintains DMVs proper structure	[36,37]
NSP5	Main protease (Mpro), viral polyprotein cleavage	[38]
NSP6	Potential transmembrane scaffold protein	[39]
NSP7	NSP7 forms a hexadecameric complex with NSP8. For RNA polymerase, it acts as a processivity clamp	[40]
NSP8	For RNA polymerase, it acts as a processivity clamp and also plays a role as a primase	[41,42]
NSP9	Binding protein for RNA	[43]
NSP10	It acts as a cofactor for NSP14 and 16 by forming a heterodimer with both of them and stimulating the activity of N viral exoribonuclease (ExoN) and O-methyl transferase	[44,45]
NSP12	RdRp)	[46]
NSP13	RNA Helicase, 5′ Triphosphatase	[47,48]
NSP14	Shows ExoNactivity which is important for viral genome proofreading, addition of 5′ cap to viral RNAs by MTase.	[[49], [50], [51], [52]]
NSP15	Endoribonuclease of virus	[53,54]
NSP16	O-methyl transferase (2′-O-MT); viral RNA shielding from MDA5 recognition	[55,56]