Table 1.

Regulatory effects of lncRNAs pathways in anti-CoV immune response.

Human coronavirus	Signal pathways	Target	lncRNAs	Function	Immune reaction	References
SARS-CoV-2	IFN	IFN- γ	LINC02384	Antiviral response	Innate Immune	(8)
		IFN-I	EGOT	Antiviral response	Innate Immune	(42)
	NLRP3	CAPN1	MALAT1, NEAT1	Inflammation	Innate and adaptive immune	(8)
	IL-17	IL-17	AL392172, HOTAIRM1, PVT1	Viral transcription and Inflammation	Innate and adaptive immune	(8)
	Cytokine	IL-6, TNF-α	WAKMAR2, EGOT, EPB41L4A-AS1, ENSG00000271646	Immune and inflammatory responses	Innate and adaptive immune	(42)
	Th17 cell differentiation	SATB1, LEF1, IL6ST, CCR7	CCR7-AS-1, LEF1-AS-1, LINC-CCR7-2, LINC-TCF7-1, TCF7-AS -1	T cell activation and differentiation	Adaptive immune	(43)
	MAPK	AP-1	LINC-JUND-1, LINC-HSP90AA1-1, HIF1A-AS-1, RORA-AS-7, RORA-AS-8	T cell activation and differentiation	Adaptive immune	(43)
	AKT, PAK, ERK	IL-6	NORAD, RAD51-AS1	Cytokine storm and Inflammation	Innate and adaptive immune	(44)
		TNFα	NORAD, RAD51-AS1, GAS5	Cytokine storm and Inflammation	Innate and adaptive immune	(44)
	Akt/mTOR	TNFRSF1B, FCGR2A	MSTRG.119845.30	Sustained T cell and B cell responses	Adaptive immune	(45)
		STAT3	MSTRG.106112.2	Block virus autophagy and apoptosis	Innate and adaptive immune	(45)
	NF-κB	IL-6, TNF, NF-κB1	MALAT1, WAKMAR2, EGOT, DANCR, NONHSAT122723.2	Inflammation	Innate and adaptive immune	(8, 42, 46, 47)
	P13K/AKT	IL1RN	ENST00000631362	Inflammation	Innate and adaptive immune	(47)
SARS-CoV	IFN	ISGs	NEAT1, Adapt33	limit viral replication within the cells	Innate Immune	(37)
		IFN-α	Gm26917	Antiviral response	Innate Immune	(48)
	TGF-β	SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4, SMAD7, and TGFBR1	SNHG1, SMC2-AS1	Promote virus infection	Innate and adaptive immune	(49)